皂化改性橘子皮生物吸附剂对重金属离子的吸附

以生物废料橘子皮(OP)为原料,经乙醇、氢氧化钠处理,得到改性橘子皮生物吸附剂SOP,将其用于对重金属离子Cu2+、Pb2+、Cd2+、Zn2+和Ni2+的吸附。研究了溶液pH、吸附时间和重金属离子初始浓度对SOP吸附性能的影响。结果表明,重金属离子在生物吸附剂上的吸附速率快,符合准二级动力学方程。SOP对重金属离子的吸附等温线符合Lang-muir模型,根据Langmuir模型计算SOP对Cu2+、Pb2+、Cd2+、Zn2+和Ni2+的饱和吸附量分别为56.82、152.4、66.27、33.90和23.02 mg/g,均高于改性前。常见阳离子的存在对重金属离子吸附的影响较小,改性后的橘子皮生物吸附剂可以再生重复使用4次以上,是性能良好的重金属离子吸附剂。     

炭化紫茎泽兰吸附生活污水中的有机物

紫茎泽兰目前已被列入我国首批外来入侵物种,排在第一位。为达到有效防控紫茎泽兰扩散的目的,对紫茎泽兰进行资源化利用是相对较佳的途径。通过对紫茎泽兰炭化处理后用于处理生活污水中的有机物,实现以害制废。采用等温吸附实验研究了炭化紫茎泽兰用作吸附剂吸附生活污水中有机物的吸附特性,并讨论了炭化紫茎泽兰吸附生活污水中COD的初始浓度、吸附时间、吸附温度、吸附剂投加量等影响因素。结果表明,当炭化紫茎泽兰的投加量为0.05 g,吸附接触时间为2 h,吸附温度为20℃,180 r/min,生活污水中进水COD浓度大于1 000 mg/L时,去除率可达62.9%。采用Langmuir、Freundlich吸附等温式对吸附平衡数据进行了拟合,结果表明吸附等温线符合Freundlich模型。     

Effects of sludge characteristics on electrical resistance and energy consumption during electro-dewatering process

The increase of electrical resistance (ER) and energy consumption (EC) during the later stage of dewatering is a major problem hindering the development of electro-dewatering (EDW) technology. As the variations of sludge characteristics are significant during the EDW process, the relationships between sludge characteristics and ER and EC during EDW remain unclear. In this study, the effects of moisture content (MC), thickness, pH, conductivity, zeta potential, temperature, and gas volume on the ER and EC during the EDW process were statistically investigated using correlation and multiple linear regression analyses. Herein, the results showed that the ER of the sludge near the anode was primarily affected by pH, whereas the sludge near the cathode was primarily affected by the MC and conductivity. Further, sludge temperature and conductivity were the most reliable indicators to predict the EC near the anode and cathode, respectively. The results of this study provide theoretical guidance useful for solving the increase of ER and EC during the later stage of the EDW process.     

Urgent problems of improving background air pollution monitoring systems

For more than 12 years, systematic observations of background air pollution have been carried out in accordance with the WMO Programme using the network of USSR stations located in sparsely populated settlements and in a number of neighbouring cities. The parameters involved include spectral radiation measurements, determination of chemical composition of precipitation and the concentrations of a number of atmospheric pollutants. Analysis of the data obtained allows conclusions to be drawn on the capabilities of the current system and to evaluate methods of improving it.In order to further improve the monitoring system, it is recommended that the system should perform the same observations on air pollution and precipitation as carried out by other international and national programs, and also to create centralized laboratories to deal with the analysis of samples from these monitoring stations. Additionally, solid sorbents are emerging as an effective means of sampling certain air pollutants. They may be sent by post, they increase the accuracy of measurements and allow air sampling intervals of up to 7–10 days, thus synchronizing this period with the interval of precipitation sampling.     

Glutathione Related Enzyme Levels of Freshwater Fish as Bioindicators of Pollution

The livers and kidneys of freshwater fish species, Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias lazera, collected from sewage polluted sites (Ismailia and El-Bahr El-Azam) and industrial polluted sites (Shubra and El-Tebin) of Nile River were analyzed for different antioxidant defense enzymes. The liver and kidney glutathione transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were higher in O. niloticus captured from all the polluted areas compared to the control. Low GST activities were found in 33.3%, 60% and 53% in the livers and 100%, 80% and 53% in the kidneys of C. lazera captured from El-Bahr El-Azam, Shubra and El-Tebin. GR and GPx activities increased in livers and kidneys of C. lazera collected from all areas except for Shubra, in which, GPx of livers and kidneys were low in 100% of C. lazera. Metals Ni, Co, Cr, Se, Cd and Pb resulting from industrial wastes and metal mining wastes were enhanced at the polluted sites. SDS-PAGE of liver and kidney of O. niloticus and C. lazera indicated the increase in bands number and intensity of protein bands with subunit molecular weights between 30–20 KDa in polluted areas. Several enzymes from glutathione system (activity and protein) constitute a sensitive biochemical indicator of chemical pollution. Relative changes of glutathione-dependent enzymes in both fish species suggest a different susceptibility to toxins.     

拟除虫菊酯对人红细胞膜结构的影响

研究了5种拟菊酯即北京菊酯、杀灭菊酯、溴氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯和氯菊酯对人红细胞膜上DPH光谱及荧光各向异性(r)的影响,观察了胰蛋白荧光及人红细胞溶血的变化.氯菊酯以干扰膜脂排列影响r值,浓度达到50μmol/L时,r值开始明显降低;其他4种含氰基拟菊酯则以干扰膜脂排列和DPH荧光碰撞猝灭作用共同影响r值.研究结果还表明,拟菊酯同时作用于膜脂区和膜蛋白的疏水部分,降低膜脂的有序排列,这些变化与拟菊酯对红细胞的溶血作用一致.     

南通市长江堤防渗透性能数值模拟研究

结合南通长江堤防渗透试验数据,利用Plaxis岩土工程专用有限元软件对南通市长江堤防典型地段分别进行不同潮位及设计水位条件下的非稳定渗流数值模拟。模拟结果表明,在已监测江水位条件下堤体渗透基本不受外江水位变化的影响;设计水位条件下的各地段江堤稳定安全系数都在1.5以上;对各典型潮位下各监测断面水位的模拟结果与其实测结果具有良好的一致性。南通市长江堤防渗流稳定安全性能优良。应用实际表明,Plaxis软件具有良好的实用性能,适合用于堤防渗流稳定安全评估。     

Thermal Stability and Degradation of Chitosan Modified by Acetophenone

N-(Methylphenylmethylidenyl) chitosan (MPMC) polymer was synthesized by chemical modification of chitosan. The chemical structure of the modified polymer was characterized by IR, ¹H NMR and elemental analysis. Thermogravimetric reveals that the thermal stability of chitosan polymer is greater than MPMC polymer. The activation energies of thermal degradation of chitosan and MPMC polymers determined using Arrhenius relationship. Thermal degradation of MPMC polymer was studied and the products of degradation were identified by GC–MS technique. It seems that the mechanism of degradation of MPMC polymer is characterized by elimination of low-molecular weight radicals. Combination or recombination of H^· or OH⁻ with these radicals and random scission mechanism along the backbone chain are the main source of the degradation products.     

现代黄河三角洲土壤特性对多氯联苯分布的影响规律

对现代黄河三角洲22个表层土壤样品中类二嗯英类多氯联苯（PCBs）进行双毛细管柱GC．ECD结合MS测试,并使用相关数学统计学分析方法一相关性研究方法研究了现代黄河三角洲地区土壤特性对PCBs分布的影响,结果表明：土壤有机质量分数与其类二嗯英类PCBs的总质量浓度呈弱的正相关关系。土壤粒径组成中粘粒质量分数与其类二嗯英类PCBs的总质量浓度呈相关性关系,且达到极显著的水平;粉砂粒的质量分数与类二嗯英类PCBs的总质量浓度无相关关系;砂粒质量分数与类二嗯英类PCBs的质量浓度呈负相关关系,达到显著相关的水平。土壤溶解盐质量分数及pH值与类二嗯英类PCBs的总量没有明显的相关性。可见,土壤中有机质、土壤颗粒组成中粘粒和砂粒质量分数是影响现代黄河三角洲地区土壤中PCBs分布的主要因素。