Characterization of aircraft emissions and air quality impacts of an international airport

Beijing Capital International Airport(ZBAA) is the world's second busiest airport. In this study, the emissions of air pollutants from aircraft and other sources at ZBAA in 2015 were estimated using an improved method, which considered the mixing layer height calculated based on aircraft meteorological data relay(AMDAR), instead of using the height(915 m)recommended by ICAO. The yearly emissions of NO_x, CO, VOCs, SO_2, and PM_(2.5) at the airport were 8.76 × 10~3, 4.43 × 10~3, 5.43 × 10~2, 4.80 × 10~2, and 1.49 × 10~2 ton/year, respectively. The spatial–temporal distribution of aircraft emissions was systematically analyzed to understand the emission characteristics of aircraft. The results indicated that NOxwas mainly emitted during the take-off and climb phases, accounting for 20.5% and 55.5% of the total emissions. CO and HC were mainly emitted during the taxi phase, accounting for 91.6%and 92.2% of the total emissions. Because the mixing layer height was high in summer, the emissions of aircraft were at the highest level throughout the year. Based on the detailed emissions inventory, four seasons simulation using WRF-CMAQ model was performed over the domain surrounding the airport. The results indicated that the contribution to PM_(2.5) was relatively high in winter; the average impact was about 1.15 μg/m~3 within a radius of1 km around the airport. Meanwhile, the near surroundings and southwest areas of the airport are the most sensitive to PM_(2.5).     

Railway safety climate: a study on organizational development

The safety climate of an organization is considered a leading indicator of potential risk for railway organizations. This study adopts the perceptual measurement–individual attribute approach to investigate the safety climate of a railway organization. The railway safety climate attributes are evaluated from the perspective of railway system staff. We identify four safety climate dimensions from exploratory factor analysis, namely safety communication, safety training, safety management and subjectively evaluated safety performance. Analytical results indicate that the safety climate differs at vertical and horizontal organizational levels. This study contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence of the multilevel safety climate in a railway organization, presents possible causes of the differences under various cultural contexts and differentiates between safety climate scales for diverse workgroups within the railway organization. This information can be used to improve the safety sustainability of railway organizations and to conduct safety supervisions for the government.     

Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)和PO_4~(3-)对异养反硝化污泥的胁迫效应

反硝化菌是反硝化作用的驱动者,探明Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)和PO_4~(3-)对异养反硝化污泥(HDS)的胁迫效应,有助于含盐废水生物脱氮技术的研发和优化.选用硝酸盐还原酶(周质酶)和碱性磷酸酯酶(胞内酶)作为指标,考察了不同Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)和PO_4~(3-)浓度对HDS酶活的影响;通过观测HDS中的活菌水平和细胞形态,考察了不同Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)和PO_4~(3-)浓度对HDS微生物细胞结构的影响.结果表明,Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)和PO_4~(3-)对HDS硝酸盐还原酶的半抑制浓度分别为0.15、0.12和0.05mol/L,对碱性磷酸酯酶的半抑制浓度为1.14、0.75和0.49mol/L;高浓度Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)和PO_4~(3-)导致HDS微生物细胞膜结构破损,通透性增加,细胞物质外泄.阴离子对HDS的胁迫可分为渗透胁迫和电荷胁迫,渗透胁迫造成HDS中功能酶失活,电荷胁迫造成HDS中细胞膜破损,细胞物质外泄.     

佛山典型内河涌综合治理框架体系的研究

随着社会经济和城市化进程的快速发展,城市内河涌污染日趋严重,威胁到居民的饮水安全健康及社会经济环境的和谐发展.文中通过以佛山典型内河涌——大布涌为研究对象,采取对河涌的污染源现状进行调查分析及评价.研究过程中充分考虑到造成河涌污染的内外因、整治技术的经济可行性及环境效益等因素,最后提出了工程措施、管理手段、行政规划三个方面对城市河涌综合整治的框架体系.     

A preliminary analysis of the surface chemistry of atmospheric aerosol particles in a typical urban area of Beijing

Atmospheric aerosol particle samples were collected using an Ambient Eight Stage(Non-Viable) Cascade Impactor Sampler in a typical urban area of Beijing from 27 th Sep.to 5th Oct.,2009.The surface chemistry of these aerosol particles was analyzed using Static Time of Flight-Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry(Static TOF-SIMS).The factors influencing surface compositions were evaluated in conjunction with the air pollution levels,meteorological factors,and air mass transport for the sampling period.The results show that a variety of organic ion groups and inorganic ions/ion groups were accumulated on the surfaces of aerosol particles in urban areas of Beijing;and hydrophobic organic compounds with short-or middle-chain alkyl as well as hydrophilic secondary inorganic compounds were observed.All these compounds have the potential to affect the atmospheric behavior of urban aerosol particles.PM1.1–2.1and PM3.3–4.7had similar elements on their surfaces,but some molecules and ionic groups demonstrated differences in Time of Flight-Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry spectra.This suggests that the quantities of elements varied between PM1.1–2.1and PM3.3–4.7.In particular,more intense research efforts into fluoride pollution are required,because the fluorides on aerosol surfaces have the potential to harm human health.The levels of air pollution had the most significant influence on the surface compositions of aerosol particles in our study.Hence,heavier air pollution was associated with more complex surface compositions on aerosol particles.In addition,wind,rainfall,and air masses from the south also greatly influenced the surface compositions of these urban aerosol particles.     

Synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic activity of porous La–N–co-doped TiO2 nanotubes for gaseous chlorobenzene oxidation

The photocatalytic oxidation of gaseous chlorobenzene(CB) by the 365 nm-induced photocatalyst La/N–Ti O2, synthesized via a sol–gel and hydrothermal method, was evaluated. Response surface methodology(RSM) was used to model and optimize the conditions for synthesis of the photocatalyst. The optimal photocatalyst was 1.2La/0.5N–Ti O2(0.5) and the effects of La/N on crystalline structure, particle morphology, surface element content, and other structural characteristics were investigated by XRD(X-ray diffraction), TEM(Transmission Electron Microscopy), FTIR(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), UV–vis(Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy), and BET(Brunauer Emmett Teller). Greater surface area and smaller particle size were produced with the co-doped Ti O2 nanotubes than with reference Ti O2. The removal of CB was effective when performed using the synthesized photocatalyst,though it was less efficient at higher initial CB concentrations. Various modified Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic models involving the adsorption of chlorobenzene and water on different active sites were evaluated. Fitting results suggested that competitive adsorption caused by water molecules could not be neglected, especially for environments with high relative humidity. The reaction intermediates found after GC–MS(Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry) analysis indicated that most were soluble, low-toxicity, or both. The results demonstrated that the prepared photocatalyst had high activity for VOC(volatile organic compounds) conversion and may be used as a pretreatment prior to biopurification.     

Chemical characteristics of fine particles and their impact on visibility impairment in Shanghai based on a 1-year period observation

In this work, a one-year observation focusing on high time resolution characteristics of components in fine particles was conducted at an urban site in Shanghai. Contributions of different components on visibility impairment were also studied. Our research indicates that the major components of PM_2.5 in Shanghai are water-soluble inorganic ions and carbonaceous aerosol, accounting for about 60% and 30% respectively. Higher concentrations of sulfate (SO₄²⁻) and organic carbon (OC) in PM_2.5 occurred in fall and summer, while higher concentrations of nitrate (NO₃⁻) were observed in winter and spring. The mass concentrations of Cl⁻ and K⁺ were higher in winter. Moreover, NO₃⁻ increased significantly during PM_2.5 pollution episodes. The high values observed for the sulfate oxidizing rate (SOR), nitrate oxidizing rate (NOR) and secondary organic carbon (SOC) in OC indicate that photochemical reactions were quite active in Shanghai. The IMPROVE (Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments) formula was used in this study to investigate the contributions of individual PM_2.5 chemical components to the light extinction efficient in Shanghai. Both NH₄NO₃ and (NH₄)₂SO₄ had close relationships with visibility impairment in Shanghai. Our results show that the reduction of anthropogenic SO₂, NO_x and NH₃ would have a significant effect on the improvement of air quality and visibility in Shanghai.     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属浸出影响研究

通过浸出液pH测定、全量测定以及(HJ/T 299-2007)硫酸硝酸法和(HJ/T 300-2007)醋酸缓冲溶液法浸提,对生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属浸出特性进行了实验研究.结果表明浸出pH条件、飞灰中重金属含量以及重金属分布形态是影响浸出浓度的主要因素.相比于硫酸硝酸法,醋酸缓冲溶液法重金属提取效率明显较高,尤其是铜锌镉铬.垃圾焚烧飞灰潜在环境风险较大,在填埋处理及综合利用时应充分考虑其浸出特性.     

珠三角冬季PM2.5重污染区域输送特征数值模拟研究

利用嵌套网格空气质量模式系统(NAQPMS)及其耦合的污染来源追踪模块,针对2013年1月珠三角区域的PM_(2.5)重污染过程输送特征进行了数值模拟研究.结果表明,污染气团首先形成于广州、佛山地区,并在弱偏北风的作用下南移加强,影响整个珠三角区域.重污染期间,广州(64.9%)、佛山(58.9%)的PM_(2.5)主要来自本地贡献,是区域输送最主要的来源地区;中山(51.9%)、珠海(66.2%)的PM_(2.5)主要来自外来贡献,是区域输送主要的受体地区.重污染期间,广州和佛山对中山的PM_(2.5)日均贡献率之和总体保持在25%以上,污染最重时达到40%.交通(26%)、工业(24%)、扬尘(16%)、火力发电(15%)和生物质燃烧(8%)是对中山贡献最大的5类源:工业源中山本地与外来输送贡献率基本相当;交通和扬尘源以中山本地贡献为主,贡献率分别为55%和67%;火力发电和生物质燃烧源以外来输送为主,贡献率分别为56%和62%.各类排放源的外来输送中,以广州、佛山所占的比例最大.     

好氧-厌氧污泥耦合白腐真菌单元对焦化废水的处理

白腐真菌因能分泌胞外木质素降解酶降解难降解有机污染物,而在难降解有机废水处理中具有巨大应用潜力.其研究常采用白腐真菌直接处理废水,很少关注常规生物法耦合白腐真菌的处理方式.基于此,分别采用白腐真菌和好氧-厌氧污泥耦合Phanerochaete Chrysosporium处理焦化废水以考察后者的可行性.在好氧-厌氧污泥耦合P.chrysosporium的处理中,仅采用3 d的处理时间,好氧-厌氧污泥可将6097 mg·L~(-1)的COD和351 mg·L~(-1)的氨氮分别降至1634~1684 mg·L~(-1)和102~117 mg·L~(-1);进而固定化P.chrysosporium将COD和氨氮再次分别降至1322~1372 mg·L~(-1)和16~62 mg·L~(-1).最终COD和氨氮的去除率分别达77%~78%和82%~95%,这表明:好氧-厌氧污泥耦合P.chrysosporium处理焦化废水可在更短的处理周期完成比直接采用白腐真菌处理更好的处理效果,此思路合理可行.