Removal of nitrogen from wastewaters by anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) using granules in upflow reactors

Nitrogen pollution of waters has sometimes caused severe eutrophication, leading to the death of fishes and most aquatic life. There is therefore a need for efficient and cost-effective methods to remove nitrogen from ammonium-rich wastewaters. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) is a promising process to remove nitrogen because this process directly oxidizes ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) to dinitrogen gas (N₂) under anoxic condition. Nonetheless, a challenge of this process is that chemolithoautotrophic Anammox bacteria grow slowly at the beginning, thus resulting in low Anammox biomass and instability of reactors. Such issues can be overcome by granulation of the Anammox sludge. Here, we review the characteristics of the Anammox bacteria, and the formation, structure and flotation of Anammox granules under high hydraulic loadings. We also evaluate the performances of full-scale granular Anammox processes. The major points are: 1) Anammox bacteria secrete a large amount of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), up to 415 mg g^?1 of volatile suspended solids (VSS), containing many hydrophobic functional groups that facilitate biomass granulation. 2) Granulation enhances the sludge settling property and retention time, which contributes to the extremely high nitrogen removal rate of 77 kg m^?3 d^?1 of Anammox upflow reactors. 3) Flotation of Anammox granules frequently occurs under nitrogen removal rate higher than 10 kg m^?3 d^?1, which is mainly due to the overproduction of EPS under high hydraulic conditions.     

常用农药助剂类产品对水生生物效应研究进展

农药助剂是在农药制剂加工和使用中加入的除农药有效成分以外的其他辅助物质的总称。农药助剂在提高农药制剂药效、改善药剂性能、稳定制剂质量和降低活性成分危害等方面都起着相当重要的作用。几乎所有化学合成的农药原药都需添加农药助剂成为具有实际使用价值的农药制剂。农药助剂本身虽不具备对靶标生物的杀灭作用,但并不意味着其对环境或人体不具有危害性,部分现今仍在流通使用的农药助剂可导致健康危害,如致癌、致畸、致突变、危害神经系统,具有内分泌干扰作用等。截止目前,由于农药施用带来的农药助剂的危害问题很少引起研究人员关注,我国在农药助剂管理方面还是空白,亟需引起管理部门的重视并制订相关的防控法规。农药助剂种类繁多,我国习惯上将其分为非表面活性剂和表面活性剂两大类。本文总结了包括常用溶剂,非离子型、阳离子型和阴离子型表面活性剂在内的常用助剂对藻类、大型溞和鱼类等水生生物的急慢性毒性效应,并综述了烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚类助剂及其降解产物对水生生物的内分泌干扰效应。鉴于农药助剂对生态环境和人类的健康风险,本文还提出了我国农药助剂环境安全管理策略建议。     

微塑料与农药污染的联合毒性作用研究进展

近海环境中的微塑料污染问题已成为全球性的环境问题,引起了世界范围内的广泛关注。微塑料不仅能够对生物造成物理损伤,而且塑料中的添加剂如邻苯二甲酸酯、双酚A、多溴二苯醚等也会随着塑料的风化而浸出进入环境,对生物产生毒害,同时,微塑料还能吸附海洋环境中的其他污染物,从而对生物产生联合毒性作用。本文综述了微塑料与持久性有机污染物的联合作用,结果表明聚苯乙烯微塑料能够吸附海水中的持久性有机污染物如多环芳烃、多氯联苯、有机氯农药滴滴涕,从而可能导致这些污染物在海洋生物组织中富集,对人类健康存在直接或间接危害。最后本文在总结前人研究的基础上,对未来微塑料与农药污染联合毒性作用的研究方向做了简要分析和展望。     

3种酰胺类除草剂对斑马鱼不同生长阶段的急性毒性效应

为探明酰胺类除草剂对鱼类不同生长阶段的毒性效应,分别以斑马鱼胚胎、8日龄仔鱼、55日龄幼鱼和3月龄成鱼为受试对象,研究3种酰胺类除草剂乙草胺、丙草胺和丁草胺对斑马鱼(Danio rerio)不同生长阶段的毒性效应。研究发现,高浓度乙草胺、丙草胺和丁草胺均可抑制斑马鱼胚胎的孵化。乙草胺对斑马鱼胚胎、仔鱼、幼鱼和成鱼的96 h-LC50值分别为5.82、1.34、3.00、1.44 mg·L-1,毒性从高到低顺序依次为:仔鱼成鱼幼鱼胚胎。丙草胺对斑马鱼胚胎、仔鱼、幼鱼和成鱼的96 hLC50值分别为2.79、2.02、2.26、2.01 mg·L-1,毒性从高到低顺序依次为:仔鱼、成鱼幼鱼胚胎。丁草胺对斑马鱼胚胎、仔鱼、幼鱼和成鱼的96 h-LC50值分别为1.73、0.919、3.37、1.19 mg·L-1,毒性从高到低顺序依次为:仔鱼成鱼胚胎幼鱼。研究结果表明,酰胺类除草剂对斑马鱼4个典型生长阶段的毒性差异较大,仔鱼阶段对酰胺类除草剂最敏感,成鱼其次。     

Identification of water quality management policy of watershed system with multiple uncertain interactions using a multi-level-factorial risk-inference-based possibilistic-probabilistic programming approach

In this study, a multi-level-factorial risk-inference-based possibilistic-probabilistic programming (MRPP) method is proposed for supporting water quality management under multiple uncertainties. The MRPP method can handle uncertainties expressed as fuzzy-random-boundary intervals, probability distributions, and interval numbers, and analyze the effects of uncertainties as well as their interactions on modeling outputs. It is applied to plan water quality management in the Xiangxihe watershed. Results reveal that a lower probability of satisfying the objective function (θ) as well as a higher probability of violating environmental constraints (q _i ) would correspond to a higher system benefit with an increased risk of violating system feasibility. Chemical plants are the major contributors to biological oxygen demand (BOD) and total phosphorus (TP) discharges; total nitrogen (TN) would be mainly discharged by crop farming. It is also discovered that optimistic decision makers should pay more attention to the interactions between chemical plant and water supply, while decision makers who possess a risk-averse attitude would focus on the interactive effect of q _i and benefit of water supply. The findings can help enhance the model’s applicability and identify a suitable water quality management policy for environmental sustainability according to the practical situations.

     

化学污染物对珊瑚礁生态系统的影响研究进展

化学污染物是影响珊瑚礁生态系统健康的重要因素之一。随着我国社会经济的发展,沿海农业活动、城市工业化以及旅游业的发展导致珊瑚礁生长区的化学污染物浓度越来越高。珊瑚礁生态系统长期在化学污染物的联合胁迫下,生态风险指数日益增加,受到国内外研究者的极大关注。本文综述了国内外该领域的重要研究进展,并从个体、细胞和分子水平重点介绍了化学污染物对珊瑚的影响,主要包括：(1)珊瑚礁对重金属和多环芳烃有明显的富集作用,可以作为该海域化学污染物污染水平的外在反映;(2)化学污染物对珊瑚幼体的影响程度比成体大;(3)抗氧化酶和特定的功能基因可被用作生物标记物来监测珊瑚礁生态系统的健康状况。最后,对我国未来珊瑚礁生态系统的研究方向进行展望,建议在典型珊瑚礁海域进行长期的生态学监测,结合室内胁迫实验,筛选出敏感的生物标志物(biomarker),为今后珊瑚礁生态系统的保护提供基础信息,并对其可能存在的环境风险进行评价。     

Excellent performance of Cu-Mn/Ti-sepiolite catalysts for low-temperature CO oxidation

The Ti-modified sepiolite (Ti-Sep)-supported Mn-Cu mixed oxide (yMn5Cu/Ti-Sep) catalysts were synthesized using the co-precipitation method. The materials were characterized by the X-ray diffraction scanning electron microscope, N₂ adsorption-desorption, H₂-TPR, O₂-TPD, and XPS techniques, and their catalytic activities for CO oxidation were evaluated. It was found that the catalytic activities of yMn5Cu/Ti-Sep were higher than those of 5Cu/Ti-Sep and 30Mn/Ti-Sep, and the Mn/Cu molar ratio had a distinct influence on catalytic activity of the sample. Among the yMn5Cu/Ti- Sep samples, the 30Mn5Cu/Ti-Sep catalyst showed the best activity (which also outperformed the 30Mn5Cu/Sep catalyst), giving the highest reaction rate of 0.875 × 10^–3 mmol·g^–1·s^–1 and the lowest T _50% and T _100% of 56°C and 86°C, respectively. Moreover, the 30Mn5Cu/Ti-Sep possessed the best low-temperature reducibility, the lowest O₂ desorption temperature, and the highest surface Mn³⁺/Mn⁴⁺ atomic ratio. It is concluded that factors, such as the strong interaction between the copper or manganese oxides and the Ti-Sep support, good low-temperature reducibility, and good mobility of chemisorbed oxygen species, were responsible for the excellent catalytic activity of 30Mn5Cu/Ti-Sep.

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The effect of Mg<Superscript>2+</Superscript> on digestion performance and microbial community structures in sludge digestion systems

The important criteria in anaerobic digestion is the rate-limiting step which decides the fate of value-added products especially from waste-activated sludge (WAS). Hence, the present study investigated the effect of magnesium (Mg²⁺) addition on anaerobic digestion of WAS. The lab-scale experiments were conducted at 25 °C with Mg²⁺ doses ranging from 0.01 to 0.2 mol/L. Maximum total volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production (372.78 mg COD/L) occurred at a Mg²⁺ dose of 0.2 mol/L, which was about eight times higher than the control tests. Further, Mg²⁺ addition facilitated sludge dewaterability and phosphorus removal. The mechanism of improved VFAs generation was analyzed from the view of both chemical and biological effects. Chemical effect significantly enhanced the release of calcium and iron in WAS, resulting in the disintegration of WAS, which benefited hydrolysis and acidification processes. Illumina MiSeq sequencing analysis revealed that enrichment of functional bacteria and the increase of bacterial diversity were obtained in the 0.2 mol Mg²⁺/L experiment, while the influence was negative on the reactor with 0.025 mol/L Mg²⁺. Meanwhile, methanogens were accordantly inhibited in the experiments with Mg²⁺ addition.     

黄钠铁矾法氧化去除废锂电池硫酸浸出液中的铁

废锂电池中含有的Co、Ni和Cu等金属具有回收价值,Fe的存在降低了有价金属的回收效率。为去除废锂电池硫酸浸出液中的Fe,采用黄钠铁矾法分别以氯酸钠和过氧化氢作为氧化剂氧化除Fe,并优化了过氧化氢作为氧化剂的除Fe工艺参数。实验结果表明:过氧化氢作为氧化剂的除Fe效果好于氯酸钠;在n(H2O2)∶n(Fe)=0.5、初始溶液pH为1.8、终点pH为2.5、反应时间为2.0 h、搅拌速率为500 r/min的最佳工艺条件下,初始ρ(Fe)为0.212g/L的硫酸浸出液经除Fe处理后ρ(Fe)小于0.004 g/L,Fe去除率达98.0%,Co、Ni和Cu的损失率分别为1.04%、2.17%和1.41%。     

The Variation of Species Diversity,Regeneration and Community Structure in Larix gmelinii Forest Shaping by Local Environment Factors

Russian Journal of Ecology - Inner Mongolia Hanma National Nature Reserve without human disturbance is a natural laboratory for the study of Larix gmelinii forest because it has well-preserved...