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841.
842.
A laboratory-scale bioremediation unit was designed, built and tested for the bio-removal of several Direct textile dyes.
Four experiments were carried out to assess the efficiency of the bioremediation unit using Aspergillus niger fungal strain. Three commonly used Direct dyes and textile dyes mixture (simulated effluent: Direct brown, Direct violet,
Direct green) were tested in this study. The strain of A. niger was efficient in the removal of the three Direct dyes. The decolorization percentages of the dyes after 24 h of incubation
were 56.2, 51.7, and 95.4% for Direct brown, Direct green, Direct violet dyes, respectively. The percentages increased up
to 79.4, 86.4, and 96.7% after 72 h of incubation for the same dyes, respectively. The results also showed that the fungal
strain reduced the chemical oxygen demand values of simulated dye effluents from 165 to 564 mg/l with most of the dyes. The
assessment of bioremediation products on biomodel was conducted using a fresh water fish. The liver and brain of Nile tilapia
were tested to evaluate the expression of genes coding for several proteins related to stress such as metallothioneins (MTs),
cytochrome P450 (CYP450), and heat shock proteins (HSPs). To assess the alterations in the gene expression, ten animals from
each group were killed after 4 weeks of treatment. The results revealed significant increases in the brain and hepatic mRNA
levels of all stress protein genes MT, CYP450, Hsp70a, b, and Hsp47 in the fish groups treated with industrial Direct violet,
green, and brown dye water. Exposure of tilapia to bioremediation products after treatment with A. niger fungi reduced the over-expression of the stress protein genes in the brain and liver tissues. 相似文献
843.
This work was undertaken to analyze nutrient contents of vegetation in an alpine meadow—Tungnath, North-West Himalaya, India.
The study pertains to the uptake, transfer and release of four main macronutrients (organic carbon, total nitrogen, total
potassium and total phosphorus) in grazed (exposed to extensive grazing by cattles) and ungrazed (grazing completely prohibited)
communities. Mineral concentration was recorded higher for the ungrazed sites compared to the grazed sites, and maximum standing
state of nutrients was found in roots. Belowground compartment (roots) contributed maximum share of mineral elements to soil.
Litter nutrients release was low because of low microbial activity and continuous removal of phytomass. Observations reveal
that there was very little amount of nutrient release from phytomass and vegetation in alpine are very poor source of mineral
recycling. Low transfer rate of minerals from one compartment to other is adequate for greater amount of these minerals that
are translocated back into the storage organs. A small proportion get removed through rain splash or through the removal of
hay during grazing as relatively high release rates in ungrazed sites when compared to grazed sites was observed. This translocation
can be considered as an important adaptation in alpine plants for survival during adverse environmental conditions, against
all types of biotic pressures and also for regeneration in the forthcoming growing season. 相似文献
844.
Ruchi Badola Syed Ainul Hussain Bidyut Kumar Mishra Bidyarani Konthoujam Sneha Thapliyal Parag Madhukar Dhakate 《The Environmentalist》2010,30(4):320-329
This paper examines the economic value of selected ecosystem services of Corbett Tiger Reserve, India. The direct cost was
derived from secondary sources, and indirect and opportunity costs through socioeconomic surveys. For recreational value the
individual approach to travel cost method was used, and to assess carbon sequestration the replacement cost method was used.
The maintenance cost of the reserve was estimated as US $2,153,174.3 year−1. The indirect costs in terms of crop and livestock depredation by wild animals ranged from US $2,153,174.3 year−1. The indirect costs in terms of crop and livestock depredation by wild animals ranged from US 2,408 to US $37,958 village−1 over a period of 5 years. The dependence of local communities was for fuel wood (US $37,958 village−1 over a period of 5 years. The dependence of local communities was for fuel wood (US 7,346 day−1), fodder (US $5,290 day−1), small timber, and other nontimber forest products. The recreational value of the reserve was estimated as US $5,290 day−1), small timber, and other nontimber forest products. The recreational value of the reserve was estimated as US 167,619 year−1. With the cost per visitor being US $2.5, the consumers’ surplus was large, showing the willingness of visitors to pay for
wildlife recreation. The forests of the reserve mitigate carbon worth US $2.5, the consumers’ surplus was large, showing the willingness of visitors to pay for
wildlife recreation. The forests of the reserve mitigate carbon worth US 63.6 million, with an annual flow of US $65.0 ha−1 year−1. The other benefits of the reserve include US $65.0 ha−1 year−1. The other benefits of the reserve include US 41 million through generation of electricity since 1972. The analysis reveals
that, though the benefits outweigh costs, they need to be accrued to local communities so as to balance the distribution of
benefits and costs. 相似文献
845.
Ming Zhao Peng-Fei Sun Lin-Na Du Guan Wang Xiao-Ming Jia Yu-Hua Zhao 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(9):6136-6145
Azo dyes are recalcitrant and refractory pollutants that constitute a significant menace to the environment. The present study is focused on exploring the capability of Bacillus sp. strain UN2 for application in methyl red (MR) degradation. Effects of physicochemical parameters (pH of medium, temperature, initial concentration of dye, and composition of the medium) were studied in detail. The suitable pH and temperature range for MR degradation by strain UN2 were respectively 7.0–9.0 and 30–40 °C, and the optimal pH value and temperature were respectively 8.0 and 35 °C. Mg2+ and Mn2+ (1 mM) were found to significantly accelerate the MR removal rate, while the enhancement by either Fe3+ or Fe2+ was slight. Under the optimal degradation conditions, strain UN2 exhibited greater than 98 % degradation of the toxic azo dye MR (100 ppm) within 30 min. Analysis of samples from decolorized culture flasks confirmed biodegradation of MR into two prime metabolites: N,N′dimethyl-p-phenyle-nediamine and 2-aminobenzoic acid. A study of the enzymes responsible for the biodegradation of MR, in the control and cells obtained during (10 min) and after (30 min) degradation, showed a significant increase in the activities of azoreductase, laccase, and NADH-DCIP reductase. Furthermore, a phytotoxicity analysis demonstrated that the germination inhibition was almost eliminated for both the plants Triticum aestivum and Sorghum bicolor by MR metabolites at 100 mg/L concentration, yet the germination inhibition of parent dye was significant. Consequently, the high efficiency of MR degradation enables this strain to be a potential candidate for bioremediation of wastewater containing MR. 相似文献
846.
Effects of di-n-butyl phthalate on the physiology and ultrastructure of cucumber seedling roots 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ying Zhang Yue Tao Guoqiang Sun Lei Wang 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(10):6662-6670
Agricultural pollution caused by the use of plastic sheetings has been documented to be a widespread problem in most of the major crop-planting regions of the world. In order to better understand the phytotoxic mechanisms induced by phthalic acid esters involved with this problem, Cucumber sativus L. cv Jinyan No. 4 were sown in pots to the three-leaf-stage in the presence of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP; 0, 30, 50, 100, and 200 mg L?1) for 1, 3, 5, or 7 days. Physiology, biochemistry, and ultrastructure of seedling roots were examined. The results indicated that activities of three antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD)) were stimulated at low-DBP treatments and decreased under higher levels (>100 mg L?1) compared to the controls. On the other hand, SOD and POD provided a better defense against DBP-induced oxidative damage in the roots of cucumber seeding, compared to CAT. The productions of both malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline (Pro) were promoted under DBP stress. Visible impact on the cytoderm, mitochondrion, and vacuole was detected, possibly as a consequence of free radical generation. These results suggested that activation of the antioxidant system by DBP led to the formation of reactive oxygen species that resulted in cellular damage. 相似文献
847.
Xi-Kui Wang Xia-Jie Jiang Yi-Nan Wang Jing Sun Chen Wang Ting-Ting Shen 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(11):7065-7074
Occurrence, distribution, spatial and seasonal variations, and partitioning between aqueous phase and suspended particulate matters (SPM) of triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS) in Xiaoqing River, which receives wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents, were studied. The distribution of the total TCC and TCS levels in surface water and sediments along the river were discussed. The highest TCC and TCS concentrations were both found near the discharge port of WWTPs, and the TCC and TCS levels decreased downstream of the WWTPs as a result of their distances from the source of WWTP discharges. The mean values of TCC and TCS in low-flow season were 1.62 and 1.80 times, respectively, as much as in high-flow season in surface water. The study on partitioning of TCC and TCS between aqueous phase and SPM shown the mean level of dissolved TCC accounted for about 10 % of the total level in surface water, whereas the TCS level was about 30 %. The TCC concentrations detected in the surface sediment samples (0 to 5 cm) ranged from 226 to 1,956 ng/g, with a mean value of 733 ng/g. The TCS levels were between 85 and 705 ng/g, with a mean value of 255 ng/g. The distribution and variations of TCC and TCS in sediments along the river were highly consistent with those in the water phase. The TCC and TCS levels in deep sediments (5 to 10 cm) were significantly lower than those in surface sediments. The mean TCC level in surface sediments was about 2.4 times as much as in deep sediments, and the TCS level in surface sediments was 3.1 times as much as in deep sediments. 相似文献
848.
以成都粘土为原料,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMA)为改性剂制备有机改性土,并将其应用于垃圾渗滤液的预处理。采用单因素静态吸附实验,以粘土对垃圾渗滤液COD和氨氮的去除率作为考查指标,初步探究有机改性土预处理垃圾渗滤液的适宜条件;并对有机改性粘土及原土进行性能表征,初步分析其吸附机理。研究结果表明,有机土的处理效果明显优于原土,处理效果上比原土提高了1.6~2.3倍;有机土预处理垃圾渗滤液适宜条件为:投加量120 g/L、搅拌速度200 r/min、搅拌时间50 min、pH=7、静置时间为6 h。 相似文献
849.
微电解-Fenton联合工艺预处理煤层气井压裂废水 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
利用Fenton强化微电解工艺对煤层气井压裂废水展开预处理研究,以COD去除率和可生化性(B/C)为考察指标,单独工艺正交实验结果表明pH为3、反应时间为90 min、铁碳体积比为1.5∶1和pH为4、反应时间为80 min、H2O2投加量为4 mL/L分别是微电解与Fenton反应的最优条件,各可获得48.1%和44.9%的COD去除率。在最优条件下进行微电解-Fenton联合运行实验,连续61 h内COD去除率均稳定在65%以上,B/C由0.158上升到0.3以上,有利于后续生化处理的运行。 相似文献
850.
Kerstin Holmgren 《Ambio》2014,43(1):19-29
Since the 1980s, Swedish lakes have in general become less acidified. Assessment of biological recovery is, however, hampered by poor pre-acidification data, confounding effects of climate change, and few lakes with annual sampling of fish and other organisms. Only three critically acidified, but non-limed, lakes had two decades of fish monitoring. The lakes had not yet recovered to pre-industrial chemical targets. Fish had low species richness compared to other organism groups. Roach (Rutilus rutilus) and/or European perch (Perca fluviatilis) were the dominant fish species, and the acid-sensitive roach had been lost from one of the lakes. Calcium decreased, possibly approaching pre-acidification concentrations, but exceeded minimum levels needed to sustain some Daphnia species. High or increasing levels of total organic carbon, likely due to reduced acidification and climate change, might influence the biological communities in unexpected ways, for example, facilitating more frequent occurrence of the invasive algae Gonyostomum semen. 相似文献