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921.
Supply of international environmental public goods must meet certain conditions to be socially efficient, and several reasons
explain why they are currently undersupplied. Diagnosis of the public goods failure associated with particular ecosystem services
is critical to the development of the appropriate international response. There are two categories of international environmental
public goods that are most likely to be undersupplied. One has an additive supply technology and the other has a weakest link
supply technology. The degree to which the collective response should be targeted depends on the importance of supply from
any one country. In principle, the solution for the undersupply lies in payments designed to compensate local providers for
the additional costs they incur in meeting global demand. Targeted support may take the form of direct investment in supply
(the Global Environment Facility model) or of payments for the benefits of supply (the Payments for Ecosystem Services model). 相似文献
922.
Rundqvist S Hedenås H Sandström A Emanuelsson U Eriksson H Jonasson C Callaghan TV 《Ambio》2011,40(6):683-692
Shrubs and trees are expected to expand in the sub-Arctic due to global warming. Our study was conducted in Abisko, sub-arctic
Sweden. We recorded the change in coverage of shrub and tree species over a 32– to 34-year period, in three 50 × 50 m plots;
in the alpine-tree-line ecotone. The cover of shrubs and trees (<3.5 cm diameter at breast height) were estimated during 2009–2010
and compared with historical documentation from 1976 to 1977. Similarly, all tree stems (≥3.5 cm) were noted and positions
determined. There has been a substantial increase of cover of shrubs and trees, particularly dwarf birch (Betula nana), and mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii), and an establishment of aspen (Populus tremula). The other species willows (Salix spp.), juniper (Juniperus communis), and rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) revealed inconsistent changes among the plots. Although this study was unable to identify the causes for the change in shrubs
and small trees, they are consistent with anticipated changes due to climate change and reduced herbivory. 相似文献
923.
This study was conducted in the Swedish sub-Arctic, near Abisko, in order to assess the direction and scale of possible vegetation
changes in the alpine–birch forest ecotone. We have re-surveyed shrub, tree and vegetation data at 549 plots grouped into
61 clusters. The plots were originally surveyed in 1997 and re-surveyed in 2010. Our study is unique for the area as we have
quantitatively estimated a 19% increase in tree biomass mainly within the existing birch forest. We also found significant
increases in the cover of two vegetation types—“birch forest-heath with mosses” and “meadow with low herbs”, while the cover
of snowbed vegetation decreased significantly. The vegetation changes might be caused by climate, herbivory and past human
impact but irrespective of the causes, the observed transition of the vegetation will have substantial effects on the mountain
ecosystems. 相似文献
924.
925.
Dechlorination of PCBs in the simulative transformer oil by microwave-hydrothermal reaction with zero-valent iron involved 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The conventional hydrothermal reaction with iron powder, NaOH and H2O as reactants was reported to occur at temperature above 423 K, and iron oxides (Fe3O4 and NaFeO2) and hydrogen were produced. In this study, microwave heating was adopted to take the place of conventional heating to induce the hydrothermal reaction. Under microwave irradiation, NaOH and H2O absorbed microwave energy by space charge polarization and dipolar polarization and instantly converted it into thermal energy, which initiated the hydrothermal reaction that involved with zero-valent iron. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis found Fe3O4/NaFeO2 and confirmed the occurrence of microwave-induced hydrothermal reaction. The developed microwave-hydrothermal reaction was employed for the dechlorination of PCBs. Hexadecane containing 100 mg L−1 of Aroclor1254 was used as simulative transformer oil, and the dechlorination of PCBs was evaluated by GC/ECD, GC/MS and ion chromatography. For PCBs in 10 mL simulative transformer oil, almost complete dechlorination was achieved by 750 W microwave irradiation for 10 min, with 0.3 g iron powder, 0.3 g NaOH and 0.6 mL H2O added. The effects of important factors including microwave power and the amounts of reactants added, on the dechlorination degree were investigated, moreover, the dechlorination mechanism was suggested. Microwave irradiation combined with the common and cheap materials, iron powder, NaOH and H2O, might provide a fast and cost-effective method for the treatment of PCBs-containing wastes. 相似文献
926.
The influence of mariculture on mercury distribution in sediments and fish around Hong Kong and adjacent mainland China waters 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
To study the influence of mariculture on mercury (Hg) speciation and distribution in sediments and cultured fish around Hong Kong and adjacent mainland China waters, sediment samples were collected from six mariculture sites and the corresponding reference sites, 200-300 m away from the mariculture sites. Mariculture activities increased total mercury, organic matter, carbon, nitrogen and sulfur concentrations in the surface sediments underneath mariculture sites, possibly due to the accumulation of unconsumed fish feed and fish excretion. However, methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations and the ratio of MeHg to THg (% MeHg) in sediments underneath mariculture sites were lower than the corresponding reference sites. The % MeHg in sediments was negatively correlated (r = −0.579, p < 0.05) with organic matter (OM) content among all sites, indicating that OM may have inhibited Hg methylation in surface sediments. Three mariculture fish species were collected from each mariculture site, including red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus), orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) and snubnose pompano (Trachinotus blochii). The average MeHg concentration in fish muscle was 75 μg kg−1 (wet weight), and the dietary intake of MeHg through fish consumption for Hong Kong residents was 0.37 μg kg−1 week−1, which was lower than the corresponding WHO limits (500 μg kg−1 and 1.6 μg kg−1 week−1). 相似文献
927.
For natural resource science, resource productivity studying is an important subject. But researches on tourism resource productivity are limited. The most significant influencing factor on tourism resource productivity is the potential market scale of tourist locations, and second most important influencing factor is the resource endowment. Regional urban population is significantly correlated with region tourist numbers, being the decisive factor of region potential tour market scale. In tourism development, the dual model should be adopted: on one hand to enhance tour spot attractiveness, on the other hand to cultivate the potential market by improving urbanization level and other means. In the situation of tourism development fever spreading, the dual model for improving tourism productivity helps to avoid the "Great Leap Forward" which means that too rapid tourism construction divorces from actual market demand. 相似文献
928.
Giloteaux L Solé A Esteve I Duran R 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2011,18(7):1147-1159
Introduction
A Microcoleus sp. consortium, obtained from the Ebro delta microbial mat, was maintained under different conditions including uncontaminated, lead-contaminated, and acidic conditions. 相似文献929.
Kabra AN Khandare RV Kurade MB Govindwar SP 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2011,18(8):1360-1373
Purpose
The dyes and dye stuffs present in effluents released from textile dyeing industries are potentially mutagenic and carcinogenic. Phytoremediation technology can be used for remediating sites contaminated with such textile dyeing effluents. The purpose of the work was to explore the potential of Glandularia pulchella (Sweet) Tronc. to decolorize different textile dyes, textile dyeing effluent, and synthetic mixture of dyes. 相似文献930.
Mladenova EK Dakova IG Karadjova IB 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2011,18(9):1633-1643