重庆市废润滑油的污染状况及改善策略的研究

针对重庆市2005年3～9月的半年时间里,仅嘉陵江主城流域内即出现四起重大油污染事故的现象,开展了对重庆市各类废润滑油年均产生量及处理现状的跟踪调研,结果表明:重庆市废润滑油的不当处理,在造成约5.5万t/a宝贵资源大量浪费的同时,还形成了对长江水系的严重污染。为推动重庆市经济的可持续发展和有效的保护环境,对目前在废油处理中存在的问题,进行了深层次原因的分析,并提出解决这些问题的有效措施:完善废油回收处理机制及体系,统一建立一个年处理能力在10万t以上的废油专业再生厂,通过废油再生的产业化实现对资源的最大化利用和对环境污染的最小化。     

供水管网水质评价方法的探讨及其应用

利用了模糊数学评价模型和综合指数评价模型分别对南方某市部分给水管网水质进行评价。评价结果分析表明,模糊数学评价法具有评价准确性好、操作简单的特点;综合指数法具有评价结果直观、精确度较高的优点。从评价结果上看,综合指数法较模糊数学评价法更为合理。     

常减压装置常压塔顶腐蚀原因分析与防护

本文以某炼油厂常减压塔顶冷凝冷却系统为研究对象,对该系统发生腐蚀泄漏进行原因分析。通过分析其腐蚀原因,提出了控制腐蚀的措施和方法,从而达到设备长周期运转的目的。     

区域水环境系统脆弱性指标体系及综合决策模型研究

目前水环境系统脆弱性研究主要局限于水环境系统的单方面脆弱性研究,过于片面化,需要综合考虑水资源、水环境质量、旱涝灾害、社会经济以及生态环境等方面的脆弱性。根据水环境系统脆弱性是系统状态受到系统压力引起的敏感性以及系统状态对系统压力的适应性响应的观点,采用“压力-状态-响应”模式构建区域水环境系统脆弱性指标体系。区域水环境系统脆弱性研究中客观存在诸多不确定性,利用联系数描述上述不确定性过程中差异度系数在［-1,1］上取值仍存在不确定性,为此,构造三角模糊数刻画差异度系数取值的不确定性,给出三角模糊联系数的基本形式,取置信水平得出置信区间联系数,采用期望-方差排序法对置信区间联系数进行决策分析,建立基于三角模糊联系数的系统综合决策模型。此模型用于安徽省水环境系统脆弱性评价的结果表明,安徽省区域水环境系统脆弱等级介于［2.731 3.620］之间,脆弱性状况不容乐观,应采取相应措施改善区域水环境质量,降低区域水环境系统脆弱性,保障区域社会经济及生态环境的可持续发展     

Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of sediment metals in a highly industrialized coastal zone southwestern Taiwan

Spatial variations of Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the surface sediments from 34 stations of the Kaohsiung coastal zone southwestern Taiwan were studied to address the current pollution status, sediment quality, and potential ecological risk. The study revealed that the concentrations of sediment metals in Kaohsiung Harbor were alarmingly high compared to the other region of Kaohsiung coast. The concentrations of Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the harbor sediments were as high as 351, 247, 1.93, 61.8, 60.9, and 940 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. The current situation of metal pollution was assessed by different pollution indices and results showed moderate to severe enrichment of Cu, Hg, and Zn in the harbor sediments. According to the degree of contamination, pollution load index, and contamination severity index, the sediments from the inner Kaohsiung Harbor show high degree and high severity of metal contamination, while the rest of Kaohsiung coastal areas show uncontaminated or low-level pollution. Results of mean ERM quotient and potential ecological risk index also indicated that the harbor sediments posed a 49% probability of biological toxicity and very high ecological risk. The toxic units indicated that the negative biological effects of the six metals in the harbor sediments were Zn > Cu > Cr > Ni > Hg > Pb. In contrast to Kaohsiung Harbor as a trap where considerable amount of anthropogenic metal loadings accumulated in sediments, low metal concentrations were observed in most Kaohsiung coastal sediments. It probably resulted from the limited fine-grained sediment deposition. In the wave-dominated Kaohsiung coastal zone, fine-grained sediments associated with polluted metals tend to be easily resuspended and transported offshore via waves and wave-induced currents. The results of this study can provide valuable information for river and coastal zone management.

     

Nitrogen balance and groundwater nitrate contamination: comparison among three intensive cropping systems on the North China Plain

The annual nitrogen (N) budget and groundwater nitrate-N concentrations were studied in the field in three major intensive cropping systems in Shandong province, north China. In the greenhouse vegetable systems the annual N inputs from fertilizers, manures and irrigation water were 1358, 1881 and 402 kg N ha(-1) on average, representing 2.5, 37.5 and 83.8 times the corresponding values in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-maize (Zea mays L.) rotations and 2.1, 10.4 and 68.2 times the values in apple (Malus pumila Mill.) orchards. The N surplus values were 349, 3327 and 746 kg N ha(-1), with residual soil nitrate-N after harvest amounting to 221-275, 1173 and 613 kg N ha(-1) in the top 90 cm of the soil profile and 213-242, 1032 and 976 kg N ha(-1) at 90-180 cm depth in wheat-maize, greenhouse vegetable and orchard systems, respectively. Nitrate leaching was evident in all three cropping systems and the groundwater in shallow wells (<15 m depth) was heavily contaminated in the greenhouse vegetable production area, where total N inputs were much higher than crop requirements and the excessive fertilizer N inputs were only about 40% of total N inputs.     

水泥粉煤灰建筑垃圾桩处理软土地基试验研究

本着节能环保的发展理念,提出水泥粉煤灰建筑垃圾桩处理软土地基的方案,用建筑垃圾再生粗骨料(粒径范围4.75~9.5 mm)代替碎石、细骨料(粒径范围0.075~0.6 mm)代替中粗砂,并通过室内试验、现场试验及质量检测等验证方案的可行性。结果表明:建筑垃圾再生骨料混凝土的最佳配合设计为胶凝材料掺入比15%,水泥∶粉煤灰=2∶1(E组);试件90 d养护龄期的无侧限抗压强度较28d增加幅度在19.5%~26.5%之间,高于普通混凝土。采用标准试件28 d养护龄期的无侧限抗压强度值作为再生骨料混凝土的抗压强度标准值,偏低;单桩复合地基的承载力为487.7 kPa,较天然软土地基承载力提高了3.8倍,满足复合地基承载力的设计要求。     

2016年冬末长江口及邻近海域海气CO2交换特征分析

基于2016年3月对长江口及邻近海域的调查,剖析该海域CO₂分压及相关参数的区域分布特征,估算其海-气界面CO₂的交换通量,并探讨了源/汇分布特征背后的物理机制。研究表明,调查区域海表pCO₂变化范围为321~575 μatm,整体呈现出近岸高、离岸低的分布趋势。至冬季末期,海表pCO₂分布主要受控于低温低盐高pCO₂的河口水与高温高盐低pCO₂的东海陆架水的水团混合影响,水体垂直混合作用对海表pCO₂影响不大。长江口及邻近海域冬季整体表现为大气CO₂的弱汇,通量值为-4.43±7.41 mmol/m2/d。从区域碳汇强度看来,近岸长江冲淡水区近乎与大气保持平衡,黄东海混合水区和台湾暖流区表现为大气CO₂的中/强汇,是冬季末期海洋吸收大气CO₂的主要贡献区域。