The impact of chemical lateral boundary conditions on CMAQ predictions of tropospheric ozone over the continental United States

A sensitivity study is performed to examine the impact of lateral boundary conditions (LBCs) on the NOAA-EPA operational Air Quality Forecast Guidance over continental USA. We examined six LBCS: the fixed profile LBC, three global LBCs, and two ozonesonde LBCs for summer 2006. The simulated results from these six runs are compared to IONS ozonesonde and surface ozone measurements from August 1 to 5, 2006. The choice of LBCs can affect the ozone prediction throughout the domain, and mainly influence the predictions in upper altitude or near inflow boundaries, such as the US west coast and the northern border. Statistical results shows that the use of global model predictions for LBCs could improve the correlation coefficients of surface ozone prediction over the US west coast, but could also increase the ozone mean bias in most regions of the domain depending on global models. In this study, the use of the MOZART (Model for Ozone And Related chemical Tracers) prediction for CMAQ (Community Multiscale Air Quality) LBC shows a better surface ozone prediction than that with fixed LBC, especially over the US west coast. The LBCs derived from ozonesonde measurements yielded better O₃ correlations in the upper troposphere.     

基于改进DRASTIC模型、GIS和层次分析法(AHP)的地下水U(Ⅵ)污染风险评价

以某铀尾矿库为例,应用层次分析法(AHP)对DRASTIC进行改进,得出AHP-DRASTICLL模型,并构建了综合指数体系,在此基础上,基于GIS平台对某铀尾矿库区地下水受U(Ⅵ)污染风险进行了评价和污染区的污染风险划分.由地下水风险区划图得出尾矿库周围与砂卵砾石层区风险较高,丘陵地带风险较低,其结果较好地反映了实际的污染风险现状.     

基于主成分分析的大兴安岭高寒区典型火烧迹地土壤质量评价研究

以大兴安岭高寒区典型火烧迹地为研究对象,选取土壤表层（0 cm～5 cm）枯落层厚度、土壤含水率、午间均温、土壤容重、水稳性团聚体、pH等12项表征土壤物理、化学、生物学性质的指标,运用主成份分析方法,对森林土壤质量进行评价。结果显示：林火对所有指标的影响度均达到显著水平（ρ＜0.01）。对照林地综合得分（0.194）明显大于火烧迹地综合得分（0.101）,表明林火短期内可使森林土壤质量降低。     

珠江澳门河口沉积物柱样中有机氯农药的垂直分布特征

以GC/ECD内标法定量测定了沉积物柱样品中有机氯农药含量 ,以便探讨柱样中有机氯农药的垂直变化特征及可能的来源 .样品采自珠江澳门河口 ,柱样以2 10 Pb同位素法定年 .定量测定结果表明以BHCs、DDTs总量计算时 ,样品中含量分别为 0 4 8～ 2 6 2 8ng/ g、1 92～ 39 1 3ng/ g .柱样中农药含量随深度变化和珠江口区的水域水流量随年份的变化有着很好的对应性 .有机氯农药主要是来源于施用农药长期风化后的土壤 .样品中DDTs的浓度超过了河口沉积物化学品风险评价最低值标准 .     

北方旱农区玉米自然降水生产潜力研究

针对我国北方水资源匮乏日益严重的状况,利用CERES-Maize作物模型模拟分析了北方旱区玉米自然降水生产潜力及其时空分布规律。研究表明,我国北方旱区玉米的水分生产潜力大小排序依次是半湿润区>半干旱区>干旱区,半湿润区的玉米自然降水生产潜力大约为11000kg/hm₂,干旱区大约在5000kg/hm₂,但同时半湿润区潜力的年际间波动性也最显著,干旱区则相对较为稳定。我国北方旱区东部的玉米生产潜力高于西部,但南北方向潜力差异不明显。     

河流一维水质预测模型在污染贡献值计算中的应用

通过对河流一维水质预测模型的推导和转化,在模型中引入污染源污染物浓度贡献值和预测断面污染物浓度现状监测值,将预测结果同现状监测结果联系起来,使预测结果更贴近实际;探讨利用贡献值简化计算在拟建项目排污口与其下游预测断面间存在若干个未知点源污染情况下的预测断面污染物浓度预测值的方法,以尽可能少人力物力的投入,较为准确、快速的得到预测结果。     

钼酸铵分光光度法测定水中总磷的不确定度评估

依据JJG1059-1999对钼酸铵分光光度法测定水中总磷的不确定度进行了评估。分析了影响测量不确定度的各个因素。对测量结果的不确定度进行了评定和表述。     

改变碳输入对新疆天山雪岭云杉林土壤呼吸的短期影响

探究外源性碳输入改变对森林土壤呼吸的影响是深入解析森林碳循环的基础.本研究基于植物残体添加和去除控制实验,设置5种不同碳输入(对照组、双倍凋落物组、去根组、去凋落物组和去根去凋落物组)处理,研究了天山雪岭云杉林(Picea Schrenkiana)生长季土壤呼吸对碳输入改变的短期响应.结果表明,整个实验期间对照、双倍凋落物、去根、去凋和去根去凋处理土壤呼吸速率均值分别为3.38、 3.94、 2.65、 2.87和2.01μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1);与对照处理相比,双倍凋落物处理使累计土壤呼吸通量增加402.65 g·m~(-2),去根、去凋和去根去凋处理分别减少了515.00、 354.73和967.15 g·m~(-2),减少幅度为去根去凋去根去凋.整个实验期间相对于对照组,双倍凋落物处理下土壤呼吸速率平均增加20.35%,去凋、去根、去根去凋处理下土壤呼吸速率分别平均降低14.40%、 20.78%和40.83%.土壤矿质呼吸、凋落物呼吸和根系呼吸对土壤总呼吸的相对贡献率由大至小依次为:土壤矿质呼吸(59.46%)根系呼吸(21.49%)凋落物呼吸(14.79%).由主成分分析可知,土壤呼吸速率的变化与土壤温度、土壤湿度、全磷、pH值、土壤有机碳正相关,与土壤容重负相关,而全氮、碳氮比和土壤电导率对土壤呼吸速率影响不大.     

三亚电厂工程影响潮流场数值模拟

运用嵌套方法对拟建三亚电厂工程海域潮流场进行了数值模拟，预测了电厂码头工程对潮流场的影响。模拟结果表明，嵌套方法的应用更精确地模拟了海岸线的几何形状，提高了工程海域潮流场的精度，清晰地再现了流场的微细结构。     

Characterizations of particle-bound trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) within Tibetan tents of south Tibetan Plateau, China

INTRODUCTION: Exposure to trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) adsorbed on particulates is of a serious health concern. Levels of some trace metals in total suspended particulate and 13 PAHs of fine particulate matter were measured from nomadic tents in the southern Tibetan Plateau in summer 2010. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The indoor air within the tents was seriously polluted, mainly due to yak dung combustion. Average trace metal concentrations were much higher (range of indoor/outdoor ratio 61-291) than those of the outdoor air. Additionally, enrichment factors of most trace metals of indoor air were similar to those of outdoor air, indicating outdoor air quality of the studied area was possibly influenced by pollutants emitted from local tents. Mean concentrations of total PAHs and BaP within tents was 5372.45 and 364.79 ng/m(3), hundred times higher than that of outdoor air of the Tibetan Plateau. Three- and four-ring PAHs were the predominant components. The diagnostic ratio of BaA/(BaA + Chr) was 0.33. Since Tibetan women typically spend longer time within the tents, they were exposed to PAHs (BaP exposure = 1.81 μg/m(3)) about two times of other family members. Among all the PAHs, Bap contributed the most (82.6%) of the total carcinogenicity. Similarly, the excess lifetime cancer risk for women and other family members were 2.75 × 10(-4) and 1.27 × 10(-4), respectively, indicating Tibetan herdsmen, especially women who are in charge of most house chores were at risk for adverse health effects.