全文获取类型
收费全文 | 205篇 |
免费 | 6篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 21篇 |
废物处理 | 5篇 |
环保管理 | 54篇 |
综合类 | 18篇 |
基础理论 | 40篇 |
污染及防治 | 41篇 |
评价与监测 | 17篇 |
社会与环境 | 13篇 |
灾害及防治 | 3篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 1篇 |
2022年 | 3篇 |
2021年 | 1篇 |
2020年 | 2篇 |
2019年 | 5篇 |
2018年 | 11篇 |
2017年 | 10篇 |
2016年 | 12篇 |
2015年 | 8篇 |
2014年 | 7篇 |
2013年 | 14篇 |
2012年 | 10篇 |
2011年 | 11篇 |
2010年 | 10篇 |
2009年 | 8篇 |
2008年 | 20篇 |
2007年 | 9篇 |
2006年 | 8篇 |
2005年 | 10篇 |
2004年 | 2篇 |
2003年 | 8篇 |
2002年 | 6篇 |
2001年 | 2篇 |
2000年 | 1篇 |
1999年 | 2篇 |
1998年 | 4篇 |
1997年 | 5篇 |
1996年 | 4篇 |
1995年 | 1篇 |
1994年 | 2篇 |
1993年 | 3篇 |
1992年 | 1篇 |
1990年 | 1篇 |
1988年 | 1篇 |
1986年 | 1篇 |
1985年 | 1篇 |
1982年 | 3篇 |
1981年 | 1篇 |
1978年 | 1篇 |
1977年 | 1篇 |
1976年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有212条查询结果,搜索用时 203 毫秒
91.
92.
Kathleen Neumann Peter H. Verburg Berien Elbersen Elke Stehfest Geert B. Woltjer 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2011,140(1-2):88-101
The European livestock sector has changed rapidly in the recent past and further changes are expected in the near future due to reforms in the European Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), increasing environmental concerns and changing consumer awareness. We developed a multi-scale modeling approach for exploring spatial and temporal dynamics of livestock distribution by accounting for drivers at different spatial scales. Such approach can provide a basis for environmental impact assessments of livestock farming at broad spatial scales. Assessment of change in both quantity and location was made for six livestock types. Four contrasting scenarios were applied ranging from globalization to regionalization, as well as from low regulation levels and dominance of market forces towards a higher degree of governmental regulation. National level livestock numbers as calculated by a macro-economic model were spatially distributed at the landscape scale according to the scenario assumptions considering biophysical, socio-economic, and political forces. Results indicate for most of the old European Union (EU) member countries a decrease in livestock numbers. In the new EU member countries sheep, goats and pigs are expected to decline while beef cattle and poultry are expected to grow. Livestock densities are expected to increase both within and outside current livestock hotspot regions in absence of environmental legislations. Environmental pressure as result of high livestock densities may, however, also remain in regulated scenarios where environmental policies are implemented and income support remains stable over time due to path dependencies in the livestock sector. But contrary to the non-regulated scenario it is less likely that new areas with high risk of negative environmental impacts due to livestock farming will develop. 相似文献
93.
Prataviera Fábio Loibel Selene M. C. Grego Kathleen F. Ortega Edwin M. M. Cordeiro Gauss M. 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2020,27(3):467-489
Environmental and Ecological Statistics - We propose a new extended regression model based on the logarithm of the generalized odd log-logistic Weibull distribution with four systematic components... 相似文献
94.
Kathleen B. Aviso Raymond R. Tan Alvin B. Culaba Jose B. Cruz 《Process Safety and Environmental Protection》2010,88(1):31-40
In order to minimize the consumption of resources and the generation of waste, eco-industrial parks (EIPs) have been designed to encourage the establishment of waste exchange networks between the plants contained within them. Considering that the participating plants have their individual fuzzy cost goals and that the park authority has the objective of minimizing total freshwater consumption in the EIP, this problem may be formulated as a bi-level optimization problem, with the park authority as the upper-level decision-maker. A bi-level fuzzy optimization model is developed to explore the effect of charging fees for the purchase of freshwater and the treatment of wastewater in optimizing the water exchange network of plants in an EIP. The effect of subsidizing exchange of streams between plants is also included in the model. Results show that it is not necessary to impose exorbitant fees, nor to completely subsidize costs associated with recycling, in order to induce significant reduction of the consumption of freshwater in the EIP. 相似文献
95.
Surabhi Kadambe Kathleen Segerson 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》1998,41(2):217-226
This paper provides a theoretical analysis of enforcement and compliance decisions when the enforcement process involves significant interaction between a source of violation and enforcer. We show that the comparative static effects of a fine on the probability of a violation consist of a direct effect, which refers to the effect of an increase in the fine on the expected cost of a violation holding the probabilities of enforcementrelated decisions constant, and an indirect effect, which refers to the effect of the fine on the probability of a violation through its effect on the probabilities of enforcement actions taken by the regulator. We show that, in the absence of the indirect effects, an increase in the fine unambiguously reduces the probability of a violation and hence should lead to lower pollution (as expected). However, if the indirect effects are positive and large, an increase in the fine can actually reduce the likelihood that a firm will comply with environmentalregulations. Thus, the increased fines do not necessarily increase compliance incentives. 相似文献
96.
Kathleen M.B. Boomer Donald E. Weller Thomas E. Jordan Lewis Linker Zhi‐Jun Liu James Reilly Gary Shenk Alexey A. Voinov 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2013,49(1):15-39
Boomer, Kathleen M.B., Donald E. Weller, Thomas E. Jordan, Lewis Linker, Zhi‐Jun Liu, James Reilly, Gary Shenk, and Alexey A. Voinov, 2012. Using Multiple Watershed Models to Predict Water, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Discharges to the Patuxent Estuary. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐25. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00689.x Abstract: We analyzed an ensemble of watershed models that predict flow, nitrogen, and phosphorus discharges. The models differed in scope and complexity and used different input data, but all had been applied to evaluate human impacts on discharges to the Patuxent River or to the Chesapeake Bay. We compared predictions to observations of average annual, annual time series, and monthly discharge leaving three basins. No model consistently matched observed discharges better than the others, and predictions differed as much as 150% for every basin. Models that agreed best with the observations in one basin often were among the worst models for another material or basin. Combining model predictions into a model average improved overall reliability in matching observations, and the range of predictions helped describe uncertainty. The model average was not the closest to the observed discharge for every material, basin, and time frame, but the model average had the highest Nash–Sutcliffe performance across all combinations. Consistently poor performance in predicting phosphorus loads suggests that none of the models capture major controls. Differences among model predictions came from differences in model structures, input data, and the time period considered, and also to errors in the observed discharge. Ensemble watershed modeling helped identify research needs and quantify the uncertainties that should be considered when using the models in management decisions. 相似文献
97.
Kathleen C Weathers Samuel M Simkin Gary M Lovett Steven E Lindberg 《Ecological applications》2006,16(4):1590-1607
Atmospheric deposition has long been recognized as an important source of pollutants and nutrients to ecosystems. The need for reliable, spatially explicit estimates of total atmospheric deposition (wet + dry + cloud) is central, not only to air pollution effects researchers, but also for calculation of input-output budgets, and to decision makers faced with the challenge of assessing the efficacy of policy initiatives related to deposition. Although atmospheric deposition continues to represent a critical environmental and scientific issue, current estimates of total deposition have large uncertainties, particularly across heterogeneous landscapes such as montane regions. We developed an empirical modeling approach that predicts total deposition as a function of landscape features. We measured indices of total deposition to the landscapes of Acadia (121 km2) and Great Smoky Mountains (2074 km2) National Parks (USA). Using approximately 300-400 point measurements and corresponding landscape variables at each park, we constructed a statistical (general linear) model relating the deposition index to landscape variables measured in the field. The deposition indices ranged over an order of magnitude, and in response to vegetation type and elevation, which together explained approximately 40% of the variation in deposition. Then, using the independent landscape variables available in GIS data layers, we created a GIS-relevant statistical nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) deposition model (LandMod). We applied this model to create park-wide maps of total deposition that were scaled to wet and dry deposition data from the closest national network monitoring stations. The resultant deposition maps showed high spatial heterogeneity and a four- to sixfold variation in "hot spots" and "cold spots" of N and S deposition ranging from 3 to 31 kg N x ha(-1) x yr(-1) and from 5 to 42 kg S x ha(-1) x yr(-1) across these park landscapes. Area-weighted deposition was found to be up to 70% greater than NADP plus CASTNET monitoring-station estimates together. Model-validation results suggest that the model slightly overestimates deposition for deciduous and coniferous forests at low elevation and underestimates deposition for high-elevation coniferous forests. The spatially explicit deposition estimates derived from LandMod are an improvement over what is currently available. Future research should test LandMod in other mountainous environments and refine it to account for (currently) unexplained variation in deposition. 相似文献
98.
Many California streams have been adversely affected by sedimentation caused by historic and current land uses, including
timber harvesting. The impacts of timber harvesting and logging transportation systems on erosion and sediment delivery can
be directly measured, modeled, or inferred from water quality measurements. California regulatory agencies, researchers, and
land owners have adopted turbidity monitoring to determine effects of forest management practices on suspended sediment loads
and water quality at watershed, project, and site scales. Watershed-scale trends in sediment discharge and responses to current
forest practices may be estimated from data collected at automated sampling stations that measure turbidity, stream flow,
suspended sediment concentrations, and other water quality parameters. Future results from these studies will provide a basis
for assessing the effectiveness of modern forest practice regulations in protecting water quality. At the project scale, manual
sampling of water column turbidity during high stream flow events within and downstream from active timber harvest plans can
identify emerging sediment sources. Remedial actions can then be taken by managers to prevent or mitigate water quality impacts.
At the site scale, manual turbidity sampling during storms or high stream flow events at sites located upstream and downstream
from new, upgraded, or decommissioned stream crossings has proven to be a valuable way to determine whether measures taken
to prevent post-construction erosion and sediment production are effective. Turbidity monitoring at the project and site scales
is therefore an important tool for adaptive management. Uncertainty regarding the effects of current forest practices must
be resolved through watershed-scale experiments. In the short term, this uncertainty will stimulate increased use of project
and site-scale monitoring. 相似文献
99.
100.
Kathleen A. Miller Valerie Belton 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2014,19(3):289-308
Anthropogenic climate change is likely to significantly increase human exposure to droughts and floods. It will also alter seasonal patterns of water availability and affect water quality and the health of aquatic ecosystems with various implications for social and economic wellbeing. Policy development for water resource adaptation needs to allow for a holistic and transparent analysis of the probable consequences of policy options for the wide variety of water uses and users, and the existing ecosystem services associated with any stream basin. This paper puts forward an innovative methodological framework for planning development-compatible climate policies drawing on multi-criteria decision analysis and an implicit risk-management approach to the economics of climate change. Its objectives are to describe how the generic methodology could be tailored for analysis of long-range water planning and policy options in developing countries, and to describe the place of climate change considerations in water governance and planning processes. An experimental thought-exercise applying the methodology to water policy development in Yemen provides further insights on the complexity of water adaptation planning. It also highlights the value of conducting sensitivity analysis to explore the implications of multiple climate scenarios, and the importance of accounting for policy portfolios rather than individual policy options. Rather than constituting a tool that can generate clear measures of optimal solutions in the context of adaptation to uncertain climate futures, we find that this approach is best suited to supporting comprehensive and inclusive planning processes, where the focus is on finding socially acceptable paths forward. 相似文献