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111.
The role of forest stand density in controlling soil erosion: implications to sediment-related disasters in Japan 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Bam H. N. Razafindrabe Bin He Shoji Inoue Tsugio Ezaki Rajib Shaw 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2010,160(1-4):337-354
The role of forest stand density in controlling soil erosion was investigated in Ehime Prefecture, Japan. The main objective was to compare soil erosion under different forest conditions including forest type, species composition, and stand density as influenced by thinning operations. Relative yield index (Ry) was used as an indicator of stand density to reflect the degree of management operations in the watershed. Eleven treatments were established based on the above forest conditions. Soil loss was collected in each of the 11 treatments after each rainfall event for a period of 1 year. The paper presents summary data on soil loss as affected by forest conditions and rainfall patterns. Findings showed that an appropriate forest management operation, which can be insured by stand density control, is needed to reduce soil loss. The present study plays an important role in clarifying technical processes related to soil erosion, while it helps linking these elements to current Japanese forestry issues and bringing new inputs to reducing sediment-related disasters in Japan. 相似文献
112.
Hajime Masukawa Masaharu Kitashima Kazuhito Inoue Hidehiro Sakurai Robert P. Hausinger 《Ambio》2012,41(2):169-173
To mitigate global warming caused by burning fossil fuels, a renewable energy source available in large quantity is urgently required. We are proposing large-scale photobiological H2 production by mariculture-raised cyanobacteria where the microbes capture part of the huge amount of solar energy received on earth’s surface and use water as the source of electrons to reduce protons. The H2 production system is based on photosynthetic and nitrogenase activities of cyanobacteria, using uptake hydrogenase mutants that can accumulate H2 for extended periods even in the presence of evolved O2. This review summarizes our efforts to improve the rate of photobiological H2 production through genetic engineering. The challenges yet to be overcome to further increase the conversion efficiency of solar energy to H2 also are discussed. 相似文献
113.
114.
Tomonori Ishigaki Chu Van Chung Nguyen Nhu Sang Michihiko Ike Koji Otsuka Masato Yamada Yuzo Inoue 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2008,10(2):165-172
A methodology for estimating the methane emissions from waste landfills in Hanoi, Vietnam, as part of a case study on Asian
cities, was derived based on a survey of documents and statistics related to waste management, interviews with persons in
charge, and field investigations at landfill sites. The waste management system in Hanoi was analyzed to evaluate the methane
emissions from waste landfill sites. The quantity of waste deposited into the landfill was evaluated from an investigation
of the waste stream. The composition of municipal waste was surveyed in several districts in the Hanoi city area, and the
quantities of degradable organic waste that had been deposited into landfill for the past 15 years were estimated. Field surveys
on methane emissions from landfills of different ages (0.5, 2, and 8 years) were conducted and their methane emissions were
estimated to be 120, 22.5, and 4.38 ml/min/m2, respectively. The first-order reaction rate of methane generation was obtained as 0.51/year. Methane emissions from waste
landfills were calculated by a first-order decay model using this emission factor and the amount of landfilled degradable
waste. The estimates of methane emissions using the model accorded well with the estimates of the field survey. These results
revealed that methane emissions from waste landfills estimated by regional-specific and precise information on the waste stream
are essential for accurately determining the behavior of methane emissions from waste landfills in the past, present, and
future. 相似文献
115.
Adsorption characteristics of carbonaceous adsorbents were examined using 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene, naphthalene and 2,4,6-tribromophenol as adsorbates. The breakthrough and equilibrium adsorption characteristics were evaluated using laboratory-scale adsorption test equipment. A micropore volume of diameter less than 2 nm is the most important factor governing the adsorption capacity of all adsorbates. A kinetic analysis was performed and the adsorption behavior of the adsorbates was analyzed. Diffusion within porous particles controls the adsorption rate in this system, and the diffusion process is a function of pore diffusion. The operating conditions in working incineration facility adsorbers were reviewed and the breakthrough time of these adsorbents in actual adsorbers was estimated using the mass transfer zone method. Information on the optimal operating conditions of adsorbers was derived from the adsorption breakthrough characteristics. 相似文献
116.
H. Van dop R. Addis G. Fraser F. Girardi G. Graziani Y. Inoue N. Kelly W. Klug A. Kulmala K. Nodop J. Pretel 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》1998,32(24):457
In Autumn, 1994, two releases of perfluorocarbon tracers from north-east France were tracked across northern Europe using a network of 168 ground stations with limited airborne sampling support. Simulating an emergency response situation, modellers from 20 countries reported their long-range dispersion predictions, initially within a few hours of the release and then over the coming days in line with the evolving meteorological data. Subsequent comparison of the predictions with the environmental results showed model performance varying from good, for the conditions of the first release in the majority of cases, to unsatisfactory for the second release in all cases. The experimental database now established represents a unique tool for investigating the effectiveness of future model developments. The papers in this special issue reflect the major scientific results 相似文献
117.
Yoshikane M Kay WR Shibata Y Inoue M Yanai T Kamata R Edmonds JS Morita M 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2006,8(6):649-661
Organochlorine pesticide concentrations, particularly those of the DDT family and of toxaphene, were measured by gas chromatography in samples of liver and body fat taken from Australian freshwater crocodiles Crocodylus johnstoni at three locations along the Ord River in Western Australia. The three sampling sites were the irrigation area, downstream of the irrigation area, and well upstream of the irrigation area; the last site serving as the control. DDT and toxaphene were applied in large and known quantities to cotton grown in the Ord Irrigation Area from 1964 to 1974. Thus the residues in the crocodile tissues are representative of the situation almost thirty years after the use of DDT and toxaphene ceased in the area. Very high concentrations of p,p'-DDE and toxaphene were found in the lipid-rich tissues that were examined. Livers and body fat from estuarine crocodiles Crocodylus porosus from the downstream site were also analysed. As p,p'-DDE and toxaphene are both known to be disruptive of endocrine systems, a range of blood parameters, including estradiol and testesterone concentrations, were also measured for all the animals studied. The ovaries and testes of the freshwater crocodiles were also examined histologically. There were no obvious effects on blood chemistry or gonad histology of the large burden of pesticides and their metabolites carried by exposed animals, although the limited number of samples and the variability of the breeding state of the animals examined may have masked possible effects. The isolation of the area, the accurately known applications of DDT and toxaphene, and the simplicity of the drainage system make the lower Ord River a unique natural laboratory for studying the long term breakdown and effects of pesticides applied in a tropical environment. 相似文献
118.
Imai Kaoru Hagi Akifumi Inoue Yasuhide Amarasiri Mohan Sano Daisuke 《Food and environmental virology》2020,12(2):180-190
Food and Environmental Virology - Human noroviruses are the major cause of non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Since no therapeutic agent has been proven to prevent human norovirus... 相似文献
119.
Forest policies that devolve forest-use rights to local people have undergone development over the past few years in Laos. As collaboration between local people and forestry officials is seen as indispensable to effective and sustainable local forest management, the objective of this study is to clarify the issues pertinent to the resolution of latent conflict between these two stakeholders. The issues are examined by presenting two case studies in terms of forest management as perceived by local people and forestry officials; the first in a rich forest area and the second in a degraded forest. Issues relating to land and borders and social capital are identified as the most important in the degraded forest area, while social capital is a very important issue in the rich forest area. Our studies show that the problems of land and border issues in the degraded forest area were caused by an inappropriate resettlement policy. This can be interpreted as the mismanagement of social capital, and for effective local forest management it is very important to overcome problems of this nature. The effective use of social capital has so far been overlooked, however, in the establishment of collaborative forest governance at the local level. 相似文献
120.
Ecological significance of salp fecal pellets collected by sediment traps in the eastern North Pacific 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Five sediment traps were moored at depths of 740, 940, 1 440, 3 440 and 4 240 m for 7 d in December 1982 at Station 5 in the eastern North Pacific about 400 km from San Francisco. Dark green sinking particles enclosed in tough membrane consisted of mostly coccolithophores with some diatoms, dinoflagellates and chrysophytes. The average size of the particles was 10x5x2 mm. These characteristics indicate that the particles were fecal pellets of salp inhabiting the surface waters. Vertical fluxes of the organic carbon and nitrogen through sinking of the salp fecal pellets ranged from 6.7 to 23 mgC m-2 d-1 and from 0.88 to 3.2 mgN m-2 d-1, respectively. These values were several times higher than those determined in other oceanic areas by sediment trap experiments. Hydrocarbons consisting of short-chain n-alkanes (n-C15-C20) with n-C17, the most predominant component, heneicosa-hexaene (n-C21:6), br-C25 alkenes and long-chain n-alkanes (n-C21-C30), without any odd or even carbon number predominance, were found from five depths. The presence of short-chain n-alkanes and n-C21:6 indicated that phytoplankton in the surface waters was a primary source of organic matter in the sinking particles. Two isomers of br-C25:3 and br-C25:4 alkenes found in these particles also indicated that br-C25 alkenes were the important biological marker of fecal pellet of zooplankton. The distribution pattern of the long-chain n-alkanes suggested that the sinking particles may be affected by bacteria to some extent. Fatty acids of the sinking particles were separated into free, triglyceride and wax ester fractions consisting of mono- and poly-unsaturated, and saturated fatty acids, with a range from C14 to C30. Concentrations of mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids decreased more rapidly toward the deep than those of saturated fatty acids, which cause low ratios of mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids. This indicates that unsaturated fatty acids were more rapidly decayed by marine microbes than saturated fatty acids in the deep water, despite the fact that a significant amount of unsaturated fatty acids still remained in the sinking particles collected from the deep waters. Our results revealed that the salp fecal pellet plays an important role in supplying foods to organisms in intermediate and deep seas. 相似文献