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Hiramatsu Ai Hanaki Keisuke Aramaki Toshiya 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2003,8(3):293-310
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) was adopted in the Kyoto Protocol as a flexibility mechanism to reduce greenhouse gases
(GHGs) and has been started with such projects as improving efficiency of individual technology. Although applying various
countermeasures to urban areas has significant potentials for reducing GHGs, these countermeasures have not been proposed
as CDM projects in the practical stage. A CDM project needs to be validated that it will reduce GHGs additionally compared
with a baseline, that is, a predictive value of GHG emissions in the absence of the project. This study examined the introduction
of solid waste incineration with electricity generation into three different cities, A, B and C. The combination of main solid
waste treatment and fuel source are landfill and coal, respectively, in City A, incineration and natural gas in City B, and
landfill and hydro in City C. GHG emission reductions of each city under several baseline options assumed here were evaluated.
Even if the same technology is introduced, the emission reduction greatly varies according to the current condition and the
future plan of the city: 1043–1406 kg CO2/t of waste in City A, 198–580 kg CO2/t in City B, and wide range of zero to over 1000 kg CO2/tin City C. Baseline options also cause significant difference in the emission reduction even in the same city (City C).
Incinerating solid waste after removing plastics by source separation in City B increased GHG emission reduction potential
up to 730–900 kg CO2/t, which enhances the effectiveness as a CDM project.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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Leaching of phosphorus from incinerated sewage sludge ash by means of acid
extraction followed by adsorption on orange waste gel 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Ashes from sewage sludge incineration have a high phosphorus content, approximately 8% (W/W), which indicates a potential
resource of the limiting nutrient. Incineration of sewage sludge with subsequent recovery of phosphorus is a relatively new sludge
treatment technique. In this article, the leaching of phosphorus by using sulfuric acid as well as hydrochloric acid by means of several
batch experiments was presented. At the same time a selective recovery of phosphorus by adsorption was also discussed. The e ects
of acid concentration, temperature and time on extraction were studied. The phosphorus leaching increased with the increase in acid
concentration and temperature. Kinetic studies showed that the complete leaching of phosphorus took place in less than 4 h. Selective
adsorption of phosphorus by using orange waste gel provided a hint for recovery of this natural resource, which eventually could meet
the ever-increasing requirement for phosphorus. The overall results indicated that the incinerated sewage sludge ash can be treated with
acid to e ciently recover phosphorus and thus can be considered a potentially renewable source of phosphorus. 相似文献
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Using conjoint analysis, we estimated the willingness to pay (WTP) of households for source separation of plastic waste and the improvement of related environmental impacts, the residents' loss of life expectancy (LLE), the landfill capacity, and the CO(2) emissions. Unreliable respondents were identified and removed from the sample based on their answers to follow-up questions. It was found that the utility associated with reducing LLE and with the landfill capacity were both well expressed by logarithmic functions, but that residents were indifferent to the level of CO(2) emissions even though they approved of CO(2) reduction. In addition, residents derived utility from the act of separating plastic waste, irrespective of its environmental impacts; that is, they were willing to practice the separation of plastic waste at home in anticipation of its "invisible effects", such as the improvement of citizens' attitudes toward solid waste issues. 相似文献
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Shibata Hideaki Galloway James N. Leach Allison M. Cattaneo Lia R. Cattell Noll Laura Erisman Jan Willem Gu Baojing Liang Xia Hayashi Kentaro Ma Lin Dalgaard Tommy Graversgaard Morten Chen Deli Nansai Keisuke Shindo Junko Matsubae Kazuyo Oita Azusa Su Ming-Chien Mishima Shin-Ichiro Bleeker Albert 《Ambio》2017,46(2):129-142
Ambio - Nitrogen (N) management presents a sustainability dilemma: N is strongly linked to energy and food production, but excess reactive N causes environmental pollution. The N footprint is an... 相似文献
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Toshiharu Sugiyama Keisuke Nansai Susumu Tohno Kouhei Yamamoto 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(4):759-768
To elucidate the macro-structure of the PM2.5 emissions generated by Japan's economic activities, this paper presents an emission inventory of primary particles of PM2.5 with high sectoral resolution based on the Japanese Input–Output Tables, comprising some 400 sectors. These primary PM2.5 emissions were estimated by multiplying the estimated energy consumption associated with each fuel type by a PM10 emission factor incorporating the technological level of dust collection in each sector and the mass ratio of PM2.5 to PM10. Non-energy emissions from agricultural open burning were also determined. Total PM2.5 emissions in 2000 were 252 kt, 49% of which were due to mobile emission sources. Changes in total PM2.5 emissions between 1990 and 2000 were also calculated. This showed that a substantial increase in energy sector emissions due to rising coal consumption was offset by a sharp decline in emissions from road vehicles and shipping vessels, resulting in an overall decrease in total emissions. In addition, the emissions induced by economic demand in each sector were quantified by means of input–output analysis, which revealed that demand for construction, foods and communications and services constituted the principal causes of real domestic emissions. An assessment of sectoral contributions to PM2.5 emissions that takes into account the effects of human exposure, expressed as external costs, suggests that the contribution of transportation is greater than indicated on the grounds of direct emissions alone. 相似文献
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Nakao Keisuke Suto Hitoshi Hattori Yasuo Kikumoto Hideki 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2022,22(4):663-682
Environmental Fluid Mechanics - This study applies the models describing the effect of a neutrally stratified high-Reynolds-number boundary layer on peak wind estimation. A neutrally stratified... 相似文献