丹江口水库调水前后表层沉积物营养盐和重金属时空变化

旨在探明中线工程调水前后(2011~2016年)丹江口水库表层沉积物中营养盐和重金属的时空分布特征和环境风险,对丹江口水库5个典型生态位点表层沉积物中p H值、有机质(OM)、总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)及铬(Cr)、锰(Mn)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、镉(Cd)和铅(Pb)这6种金属元素的含量及时空变化特征进行研究,同时采用加拿大淡水水生环境沉积物质量指导值(CCME)为标准来进行潜在生态风险评价.结果表明,丹江口水库表层沉积物中OM、TP和TN含量分别为25.85、0.57和1.34 g·kg~(-1);Cr、Mn、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb这6种重金属的含量分别为57.96、521.78、13.91、195.74、0.37和12.92 mg·kg~(-1),6种重金属的含量除Zn和Cd处于土壤环境质量二级标准,其他重金属元素含量均低于土壤环境质量一级标准.TN、Mn和Zn在调水后呈上升趋势,TP及其余重金属元素在调水后呈下降趋势.除p H值外,丹江口水库表层沉积物营养盐和所测重金属含量在生态空间上分布差异均达到极显著水平(P0.01).沉积物中OM除与TN和Pb呈负相关外,与其他指标均呈正相关性.潜在生态风险评价结果显示,丹江口水库表层沉积物中Cd、Cu和Pb均不会对生物产生不良效应;OM、TN、Cr和Zn为低生态风险;TP介于无生态风险与低生态风险之间;但库心和黑鸡嘴点位Cr、Zn和TN在部分时间有较高生态风险,需引起重视.     

基于MBR不同种泥短程硝化启动的微生物群落结构分析

为明确膜生物反应器(MBR)接种不同污泥启动短程硝化前后微生物群落结构变化特征,采用MBR反应器分别接种硝化污泥(R1)、厌氧亚硝化污泥(R2)和1∶1混合接种厌氧亚硝化污泥和反硝化污泥(R3),获取有利于实现快速短程硝化的污泥源.结果表明,结合间歇曝气和缩短水力停留时间(HRT),R1、R2与R3反应器分别耗时46 d、8 d和30 d成功启动短程硝化,R2反应器启动周期最短.稳定运行期内,R1、R2和R3反应器亚硝累积率平均为92%、93%和94%,R3反应器表现出更稳定的短程硝化性能.ACE、Chao、Shannon和Simpson指数结果表明,稳定运行后,R1和R2反应器微生物丰度和多样性水平均大幅低于接种污泥,R3反应器物种丰度略有减少而多样性水平变化不大.短程硝化成功启动后,3个反应器内的主要菌群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),且主要脱氮功能菌变形菌门丰度相较于接种污泥均有提高.β-变形菌纲为3个反应器短程硝化系统的优势菌群,分别占比59.6%、63.6%和69.3%.R1、R2和R3反应器内的优势菌属均为亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas),所占比例分别达12.8%、20.2%和19.7%.相比R1反应器,R2和R3反应器接种污泥内存在一定比例的亚硝化细菌,更有利于系统短程硝化的实现.     

滦河流域鱼类群落结构空间异质性与影响因子分析

掌握鱼类群落结构与环境因子的关系是河流鱼类多样性保护与恢复的基础.基于2016年10月对滦河流域58个采样点的调查数据,通过聚类分析法及NMS（非度量多维标度法,non-matric multidimentionalscaling）分析了滦河鱼类群落空间格局特征,并采用典范对应分析（CCA,canonical correspondence analysis）探讨了影响鱼类群落结构的环境因子.调查期间共采集鱼类15科41属49种,鲤科鱼类最多,为23种.研究表明:①聚类分析发现鱼类空间分布可分为3组,第1组集中在滦河干流中下游及支流汇入干流附近河段,第2组集中在冀东部独流入海的河流,第3组集中在滦河干支流的中上游河段.②NMS结果也证明3组在空间分布上差异明显,第2组与第3组之间没有重叠.③物种数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Simpson多样性指数在第1组与第3组之间存在显著差异,而Simpson多样性在第2组与第3组之间也存在显著差异.④单因素方差分析（one-way ANOVA）显示,第1组与第2组、第3组相比,水温与两组之间都有显著性差异,第2组与第1组、第3组之间在电导率、TDS（总溶解固体）、栖境复杂性、速度-深度结合、堤岸稳定性和河水水量状况有显著性差异.⑤典范对应分析发现,影响滦河流域的环境因子包括TDS、浊度、pH与水温等4个水体理化参数以及底质与堤岸稳定性2个栖息地质量参数.研究显示,基于对滦河流域鱼类空间异质性和相关环境影响因子的理解,可为该流域鱼类多样性保护及管理对策制订提供方向.      

典型农药废盐热处理特性及适用性

随着我国农药行业的迅速发展,农药废盐的管理和无害化处置已经成为亟待解决的环境问题.为了解决农药废盐热处理适用性的问题,推进废盐热处理工业化进程,选择盐城某企业典型农药废盐开展热重试验和动力学模型研究,分析废盐的热处理特性;基于热重试验和动力模型获取的优化参数,进一步利用管式炉模拟试验研究循环流化床焚烧炉处置废盐的可行性.结果表明:该农药废盐热解和燃烧的失重过程相似,在升温过程中一直处于缓慢失重状态,但均只有一个明显的失重阶段.其中,热解的失重阶段为170~298℃,700℃时减重率达到84.08%,燃烧的失重阶段为194~315℃,700℃时减重率达到81.45%,为了使废盐充分反应,根据热重结果确定热处理温度为350℃.热处理动力学分析表明,燃烧和热解在失重阶段反应机理相同,氧气的存在可以促进废盐的热处理过程,确定了热处理的组分为空气组分,该农药废盐属于低热值成分复杂的固体废物.在上述条件下,利用管式炉模拟试验进一步优化了废盐的热处理条件为温度350℃、停留时间45 min、空气组分、空气流量40 mL/min.对热处理后的残留物及烟气进行GC/MS分析发现,热处理法可有效降低废盐中有机污染物含量,烟气中有害物质以苯系物为主,含有少量氯苯及氯代烃类有机物.研究显示,经过管式炉热处理试验后,废盐中有机污染物的去除率达82.93%,可以有效降低有机污染物含量,从而验证了该类废盐热处理的适用性.      

Caste-fate determination primarily occurs after adult emergence in a primitively eusocial paper wasp: significance of the photoperiod during the adult stage

Independent-founding paper wasps constitute a major group of primitively eusocial insects, and when caste-fate determination occurs in temperate species of these wasps, particularly regarding whether it occurs before or after emergence, remains unclear. No critical morphological differences occur between potential queens of the next generation (often called gynes) and workers in primitively eusocial insects. The gynes of temperate species are characterized by diapausing, and the nutrients available during the larval stage have often been believed to determine caste fate. Short days usually induce diapause in temperate nonsocial insects, although few investigations of the effects of day length on caste-fate determination in paper wasps have been conducted. By exposing individuals to different combinations of short and long days during the immature and adult stages, we show for the first time that short days during the adult stage (but not during the immature stage) facilitated caste-fate determination toward gynes in a paper wasp. Moreover, the decision to diapause partly depended on changes in the photoperiod during the pupal and adult stages. The size of the adult also affected caste-fate determination, with diapause more likely to occur in large adults, but this size effect did not occur when individuals were exposed to many short days during the pupal stage. In addition, all adults except for a small proportion of smaller individuals prepared for diapause under short days. These findings suggest that the photoperiod is a higher priority cue than adult size.     

A decomposition analysis of carbon dioxide emissions in the Chinese nonferrous metal industry

The nonferrous metal industry (NMI) of China consumes large amounts of energy and associated emissions of carbon dioxide (CO ₂) are very high. Actions to reduce CO ₂ emissions and energy consumption are warranted. This study aims to analyze current China NMI trends of CO ₂ emissions and energy consumption including the underlying regional driver characteristics. We analyze the changes of CO ₂ emissions in the NMI based on the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) method from 2000 to 2011. Then, a classification system is used to study the regional differences in emission changes from the NMI. The results show that the emissions of the Chinese NMI increased rapidly at an average annual growth rate of 31 million metric tons. The economic scale and energy intensity are the main driving factors responsible for the change in the emissions, while carbon emission coefficients make only a small contribution toward decreasing the emissions, and the energy structure has a volatile effect. Emissions and energy intensity of 29 China provinces were divided into five categories. The change in the trend of each region is indicated in this paper. Hebei is one of the provinces that achieved the best performance, and Chongqing achieved the worst performance among all of the regions. The analysis suggests that the main emphasis of CO ₂ emission mitigation should be focused on controlling the economic scale and improving the energy intensity. Developing the use of clean energy technologies and policies in both the NMI and power industries is important.     

The metabolic fate of 14C‐parathion by some fresh water phytoplankton and its possible effects on the algal metabolism

Abstract

The growth and total carbohydrate contents of Nostoc muscorum and Tolypothrix tenuis were greatly and significantly reduced by the application of parathion. “Chlorophyll a”, carotene biosynthesis and the rate of glucose absorption were enhanced after supplementation of parathion to the culture media of both cyanobacteria. Nitrogen released to the media, total nitrogen content and total nitrogen fixed were increased in both organisms‐ Increase in protein content was accompanied by remarkable drop in amino, peptide and ammonia fractions‐ Phosphorus uptake, RNA, DNA and total phosphorus content were accelerated to reach maximum accumulation at the highest insecticide level. In metabolism study using ¹⁴C‐labelled compound, parathion was readily degraded by Nostoc and Tolypothrix. Following ten days incubation, the aqueous fractions contained 21.1% and 18.1% of the initial activity in Nostoc and Tolypothrix respectively. TLC analysis of the hydrolytic products revealed the presence of three metabolites: p‐aminophenol, p‐nitrophenol and aminoparathion.     

Source apportionment of DDTs in maricultured fish: a modeling study in South China

Fish is one of the most important nutrition sources for humanity. Contaminant exposure risk in fish farming will eventually deliver to the crowd through diet. China is the largest fish producing as well as exporting country, where mariculture plays an important role in fish production, especially in South China. Previous investigations indicated that a variety of compartments in farming areas of South China Sea were polluted by persistent organic pollutants, including DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and its derivatives, some of which is designated as DDTs. In the present study, Hailing Bay and Daya Bay of Guangdong Province, China, were selected as the study sites and DDTs as the target compounds. A fish enrichment model was developed to assess the relative contributions of various pathways to the mass loadings of DDTs in the fish. Average concentrations (and concentration ranges) of DDTs in various environmental compartments of Hailing Bay and Daya Bay were included in modeling and analysis. Modeling results indicated that fish food and seawater contributed approximately the same proportions for the DDTs in maricultured fish. Antifouling paint was supposed to be the primary source of water DDTs in mariculture zone of Hailing Bay and Daya Bay, which contributed 69 % of the total DDTs to the mariculture water. We suggest that in order to protect people from consuming highly contaminated maricuture zone fish, the most effective and feasible methods are using environment-friendly antifouling paint and applying less polluted fish food in the fish reproduction process.