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971.
Structuring sustainability science 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Anne Jerneck Lennart Olsson Barry Ness Stefan Anderberg Matthias Baier Eric Clark Thomas Hickler Alf Hornborg Annica Kronsell Eva L?vbrand Johannes Persson 《Sustainability Science》2011,6(1):69-82
It is urgent in science and society to address climate change and other sustainability challenges such as biodiversity loss, deforestation, depletion of marine fish stocks, global ill-health, land degradation, land use change and water scarcity. Sustainability science (SS) is an attempt to bridge the natural and social sciences for seeking creative solutions to these complex challenges. In this article, we propose a research agenda that advances the methodological and theoretical understanding of what SS can be, how it can be pursued and what it can contribute. The key focus is on knowledge structuring. For that purpose, we designed a generic research platform organised as a three-dimensional matrix comprising three components: core themes (scientific understanding, sustainability goals, sustainability pathways); cross-cutting critical and problem-solving approaches; and any combination of the sustainability challenges above. As an example, we insert four sustainability challenges into the matrix (biodiversity loss, climate change, land use changes, water scarcity). Based on the matrix with the four challenges, we discuss three issues for advancing theory and methodology in SS: how new synergies across natural and social sciences can be created; how integrated theories for understanding and responding to complex sustainability issues can be developed; and how theories and concepts in economics, gender studies, geography, political science and sociology can be applied in SS. The generic research platform serves to structure and create new knowledge in SS and is a tool for exploring any set of sustainability challenges. The combined critical and problem-solving approach is essential. 相似文献
972.
Management of forests, rangelands, and wetlands on public lands, including the restoration of degraded lands, has the potential
to increase carbon sequestration or reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions beyond what is occurring today. In this paper we
discuss several policy options for increasing GHG mitigation on public lands. These range from an extension of current policy
by generating supplemental mitigation on public lands in an effort to meet national emissions reduction goals, to full participation
in an offsets market by allowing GHG mitigation on public lands to be sold as offsets either by the overseeing agency or by
private contractors. To help place these policy options in context, we briefly review the literature on GHG mitigation and
public lands to examine the potential for enhanced mitigation on federal and state public lands in the United States. This
potential will be tempered by consideration of the tradeoffs with other uses of public lands, the needs for climate change
adaptation, and the effects on other ecosystem services. 相似文献
973.
Dearing JA Bullock S Costanza R Dawson TP Edwards ME Poppy GM Smith GM 《Environmental management》2012,49(4):767-775
The ‘Perfect Storm’ metaphor describes a combination of events that causes a surprising or dramatic impact. It lends an evolutionary
perspective to how social-ecological interactions change. Thus, we argue that an improved understanding of how social-ecological
systems have evolved up to the present is necessary for the modelling, understanding and anticipation of current and future
social-ecological systems. Here we consider the implications of an evolutionary perspective for designing research approaches.
One desirable approach is the creation of multi-decadal records produced by integrating palaeoenvironmental, instrument and
documentary sources at multiple spatial scales. We also consider the potential for improved analytical and modelling approaches
by developing system dynamical, cellular and agent-based models, observing complex behaviour in social-ecological systems
against which to test systems dynamical theory, and drawing better lessons from history. Alongside these is the need to find
more appropriate ways to communicate complex systems, risk and uncertainty to the public and to policy-makers. 相似文献
974.
Effects of Tourism and Topography on Vegetation Diversity in the Subalpine Meadows of the Dongling Mountains of Beijing,China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Subalpine meadows in the Dongling Mountains (located at E115o26′-115o40′, N40o00′-40o05′) of Beijing, China are important
for tourism and the provision of ecosystem services. However, because of poor management serious degradation has occurred
on these subalpine meadows. The aim of this paper is to present a quantitative analysis of effects of tourism disturbance
and topography on the status and diversity of montane meadow communities and to provide direction for improved management.
Sixty quadrats of 2 × 2 m2 along 10 transects were set up to collect data on site characteristics and vegetation status. The relationships between community
composition and structure, species diversity, and tourism disturbance and topographic variables were analyzed by multivariate
methods (TWINSPAN and CCA). The results showed that eight meadow communities were identified by TWINSPAN. Most of them were
seriously degraded. The first CCA axis identified an elevation and tourism disturbance intensity gradient, which illustrated
that tourism disturbance and elevation were most important factors influencing meadow types, composition and structure. Some
resistant species and response species to tourism disturbance were identified and can be used as indicator species of tourism
disturbance. Species richness, heterogeneity and evenness were closely related to tourism disturbance and elevation. It is
concluded that tourism disturbance must be controlled to enable grassland rehabilitation to occur in the meadows. Measures
of effective management of the meadows were discussed. 相似文献
975.
The history of the establishment and management philosophies of the mainland Portuguese Protected Areas was reconstructed
through the use of written records and oral history interviews. The objectives were to review the main philosophies in the
creation and management of these areas, to assess the influence of international PA models, to compare the Portuguese case
with other European and international literature concerning PAs and to discuss the value of the oral history in this research.
As main results, it was found that the initial management model of “Wilderness (or Yellowstone)” was replaced by the “new
paradigm” of PAs when the democracy was re-established. Changes in the management philosophies within this “new paradigm”
were also identified, which resulted in the transition of a “Landscape” to a “Nature conservation” model. After the establishment
of the Natura 2000 network, the “Biodiversity conservation” model prevailed. It was also found that the initiative for the
establishment of most PAs came from the government, although there were few cases of creation due to the action of NGOs and
municipalities. Finally, oral history interviews enabled the addition of information to the literature review, but also provided
more insight and detail to this history. 相似文献
976.
Quantifying the Effects of Conservation Practices on Soil,Water, and Nutrients in the Loess Mesa Ravine Region of the Loess Plateau,China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A large number of soil and water conservation programs have been implemented on the Loess Plateau of China since the 1950s.
To comprehensively assess the merits and demerits of the conservation practices is of great importance in further supervising
the conservation strategy for the Loess Plateau. This study calculates the impact factors of conservation practices on soil,
water, and nutrients during the period 1954–2004 in the Nanxiaohegou Catchment, a representative catchment in the Loess Mesa
Ravine Region of the Loess Plateau, China. Brief conclusions could be drawn as follows: (1) Soil erosion and nutrient loss
had been greatly mitigated through various conservation practices. About half of the total transported water and 94.8 % of
the total transported soil and nutrients, had been locally retained in the selected catchment. The soil retained from small
watersheds do not only form large-scale fertile farmland but also safeguard the Yellow River against overflow. (2) Check dam
was the most appropriate conservation practice on the Loess Plateau. In the selected catchment, more than 90 % of the retained
soil and water were accomplished by the dam farmland, although the dam farmland occupied only 2.3 % of the total area of all
conservation measures. Retention abilities of the characteristic conservation practices were in the following order: dam farmland > terrace
farmland > forest land and grassland. (3) The conservation practices were more powerful in retaining sediment than in reducing
runoff from the Loess Plateau, and the negative effects of the conservation practices on reducing water to the Yellow River
were relatively slight. 相似文献
977.
Kristian H?yer Toft 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2012,25(2):223-237
Proponents of using genetically modified (GM) crops and food in the developing world often claim that it is unjust not to
use GMOs (genetically modified organisms) to alleviate hunger and malnutrition in developing countries. In reply, the critics
of GMOs claim that while GMOs may be useful as a technological means to increase yields and crop quality, stable and efficient
institutions are required in order to provide the benefits from GMO technology. In this debate, the GMO proponents tend to
rely on a simple utilitarian type of calculus that highlights the benefits of GMOs to the poor, but that overlooks the complex
institutional requirements necessary for GMO production. The critics, recognizing the importance of institutional conditions,
focus primarily on the negative impacts of institutional deficiencies, thereby overlooking the basically Rawlsian claim that
institutions per se may generate claims to justice. This article investigates how GMOs might generate claims to global justice and what type
of justice is involved. The paper argues that the debate on GMOs and global justice can be categorized into three views, i.e.,
the cosmopolitan, the pluralist, and the sceptic. The cosmopolitan holds that GMOs can and should be used for alleviating
global hunger, whereas the sceptic rejects this course of action. I will argue here for a moderately cosmopolitan approach,
relying on the pluralist view of institutions and the need to exploit the benefits of GMOs. This argument rests on the premise
that global cooperation on GMO production provides the relevant basis for assessing the use of GMOs by the standard of global
distributive justice. 相似文献
978.
The water-soluble fraction (WSF) of petroleum contains a mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile hydrocarbons, phenols, and heterocyclic compounds, considered deleterious to aquatic biota. Marine “pejerrey” Odontesthes argentinensis (Teleostei: Atherinopsidae) has a great commercial importance in local fisheries and a high potential for aquaculture. The aim of this study was to evaluate the histopathological effects in “pejerrey” larvae exposed to different concentrations of petroleum WSF. The chronic toxicity test was conducted with newly hatched larvae exposed for 21 days to sublethal concentrations of WSF (2.5, 5, 10, and 20 % of WSF), plus one control. Survival and growth were significantly lower in the highest concentration. Several histopathological changes were found in the gills (e.g., hyperplasia, aneurisms, edema, and necrosis), kidney (e.g., nuclear alterations, decrease in the hematopoietic cells), and liver (e.g., hypertrophy, karyorrhexis, and karyopyknosis). An index of branchial lesion was proposed to standardize gill lesions to different pollutants. 相似文献
979.
Duarte CM Agustí S Wassmann P Arrieta JM Alcaraz M Coello A Marbà N Hendriks IE Holding J García-Zarandona I Kritzberg E Vaqué D 《Ambio》2012,41(1):44-55
The Arctic marine ecosystem contains multiple elements that present alternative states. The most obvious of which is an Arctic Ocean largely covered by an ice sheet in summer versus one largely devoid of such cover. Ecosystems under pressure typically shift between such alternative states in an abrupt, rather than smooth manner, with the level of forcing required for shifting this status termed threshold or tipping point. Loss of Arctic ice due to anthropogenic climate change is accelerating, with the extent of Arctic sea ice displaying increased variance at present, a leading indicator of the proximity of a possible tipping point. Reduced ice extent is expected, in turn, to trigger a number of additional tipping elements, physical, chemical, and biological, in motion, with potentially large impacts on the Arctic marine ecosystem. 相似文献
980.
Rožič PŽ Dolenec T Baždarić B Karamarko V Kniewald G Dolenec M 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2011,19(7):2708-2721