Effects of ozone on yield, growth, and root starch concentrations of two alfalfa (Medicago sativ A L.) cultivars

Ozone (O3) is considered to be a major air pollutant that affects the yield of several sensitive crop species. Its concentration may reach phytotoxic levels several times during the growing season in Eastern Canada. This study was initiated to evaluate the O3 effects on alfalfa, a major crop species. The objective was to compare the yield and growth parameters of the main alfalfa cultivar used in Québec, Apica, to a cultivar more tolerant to O3, Team. Effects on root starch concentrations were also examined as this parameter is an important indicator of alfalfa perennity. The results obtained have shown that the forage yield of Apica was more reduced by O3 during two growing seasons than the yield of Team. For O3 concentrations of 20 to 40 nl liter(-1), yield reductions were 14-26% for Apica and 0-20% for Team. Whereas Apica could be considered more susceptible to O3 than Team, the latter has shown contrasting responses from year to year. This fact suggests that the mechanisms involved in O3-tolerance could be modulated by environmental conditions. At low O3 levels, Apica has shown reduced root growth in terms of dry matter and length. However, contrary to the current hypothesis that O3 would affect more root than shoot growth, we were unable to show a consistent alteration of the biomass allocation between the two. Ozone seems to reduce globally the growth of the whole plants. The greater O3-tolerance of Team could partly be associated to its capacity to maintain more leaves, to delay their senescence, or to keep a larger leaf:stem ratio under increasing levels of O3. At the end of the two growing seasons, the amount of starch reserves stored below ground was shown to be reduced by the current O3 levels. This reduction was mainly associated with a decrease in root biomass under O3 stress. This result support the hypothesis that O3 may accelerate alfalfa decline under field conditions.     

The influence of particle surface characteristics on pollutant metal uptake by cells

The phosphatic mineral, hydroxyapatite, and two ion exchange resins have been used as artificial sediment particles. The surface properties of these materials have been studied using the Langmuir adsorption isotherm to calculate the binding capacity (B(max)) and the adsorption constant (K(L)) for zinc and cadmium ions. Mussels (Mytilus edulis) were fed on the particles and their digestive glands were subsequently removed and subjected to cell fractionation. The supernatant fraction was used to determine cytosol metal levels as a measure of the materials absorbed from the ingested particles. The level of cytosol zinc and cadmium was correlated with the K(L) values of the artificial sediments. It is suggested that phagocytosis of sediment particles plays an important part in transferring pollutants into benthic organisms and that the efficiency of this process is related to the adsorption coefficient of the particle surfaces.     

Intercomparison between TRIO-EF and IMPACT codes with reference to experimental strontium migration data

This work presents an intercomparison exercise between two geochemical migration codes, TRIO-EF (an object-oriented finite element code) and IMPACT (a chemical engineering code using mixing cells in series). The predictions of the two codes are compared with the reference experimental results obtained in a previous study of strontium transport in soil columns. This simulated geochemical system is well documented and includes ion exchange and dissolution-precipitation reactions. The solution transport is simulated by a one-dimensional advection-dispersion model. The predictions of TRIO-EF and IMPACT are both in good agreement with the experimental results. However, slight differences can be observed between the two codes, especially when concentration discontinuities are involved, such as precipitation fronts or changes in boundary conditions. These discrepancies between the two codes can mainly be attributed to the different discretisation approaches.     

Germination and seedling development of switchgrass and smooth bromegrass exposed to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene

It is estimated that explosives contaminate approximately 0.82 million cubic metres of soil at former military installations throughout the US; major contaminants often include 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and its degradation products. At some sites, phytoremediation may be a viable option to incineration or other costly remediation treatments. Grasses may be particularly suited for remediation because of their growth habit and adaptability to a wide range of soil and climate conditions. We characterized the effects of TNT on germination and early seedling development of switchgrass and smooth bromegrass to evaluate their potential use on contaminated sites. Switchgrass and smooth bromegrass seeds were germinated in nutrient-free agar containing 0 to 60 mg TNT litre(-1). Smooth bromegrass germination decreased as TNT concentration increased, while switchgrass germination was unaffected by TNT. Concentrations up to 15 mg TNT litre(-1) did not affect switchgrass root growth rate, but bromegrass root growth was reduced at TNT concentrations above 7.5 mg litre(-1). At 7.5 mg TNT litre(-1), however, shoot growth rate was reduced in both species. Examination at 20-fold magnification revealed switchgrass radicles were unaffected by TNT, while smooth bromegrass radicles appeared slightly swollen. Results indicate switchgrass is more tolerant of TNT than smooth bromegrass, but the establishment of both species may be limited to soil containing less than 50 mg kg(-1) of extractable TNT.     

Earthworm communities along a gradient of urbanization

Earthworms were studied at six sites along a gradient of urbanization and their relations with several soil abiotic factors were determined. Concentrations of heavy metals, calcium and magnesium in earthworms and in soils were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Strong negative correlations were detected between earthworm density and soil concentrations of cadmium and magnesium. Earthworm biomass was negatively correlated with lead, copper and zinc, and positively correlated with the distance from the centre of the city. High concentrations of Cd and Zn (concentration factors 49 and 32) were accumulated by earthworms in contrast to those of Cu and Pb (2 and 1). Relations between worm and soil concentrations of heavy metals, Ca and Mg are discussed.     

Marginal bleaching of thalli of Rhizocarpon as evidence for acid rain in the Norra Storfjället, Sweden

Recent lichen surveys in the foreland of The Syterb?cken glacier reveal that the crustose lichens, principally species of Rhizocarpon section Rhizocarpon, exhibit marginal bleaching, readily distinguishable from normal pigmented forms. The largest elliptical thallus of Rhizocarpon measured 290 mm maximum diameter on a bedrock outcrop beyond the margin of Little Ice Age moraines in the upper Syterb?cken Valley. Many small and large thalli of Rhizocarpon suffered damage to the periphery of individual thalli. We examine here some of the possible hypotheses explaining these occurrences. Among others, these are bedrock lithology, ice crystal blasting, long-term snowbank cover, ultraviolet exposure and acid rain. While at this time none of the possibilities can be ruled out entirely, acid rain would appear to be at least one of the factors involved. Acid rain, which is known to produce a soil pH as low as 3.3 in the field area, appears to provide a high input of H(+) ions that the lichen algal component cannot withstand. However, the lack of similar effects on associated foliose or fruticose forms raises the possibility that perhaps two or more factors specific to the environment of Rhizocarpon are operating.     

A laboratory exposure procedure for screening pulp and paper mill effluents for the potential of causing increased mixed function oxidase activity in fish

To better understand the relationships between pulp manufacturing processes and mixed function oxidase (MFO) enzyme induction in fish, a practical and standardized exposure procedure is required. This study was undertaken to develop a laboratory-based exposure procedure to quantify the relative MFO induction potencies of different types of pulp and paper mill effluents. One major consideration in developing the procedure was to ensure that the protocol was practical so that tests could be performed in a short time, with small volumes of effluents and using simple experimental conditions. A series of concentration-response and time-course experiments were conducted to find the minimum time and effluent concentration which could distinguish the ability of different effluents to cause significant MFO induction in rainbow trout in the laboratory. Experiments were also conducted to determine the effects of biotic and abiotic factors such as loading density, fish size and feeding regime. This study showed that the exposure of rainbow trout in the laboratory to 10% concentration of secondary-treated effluent for 96 h caused significant increases in hepatic MFO activity. The magnitude of MFO induction was comparable to other field and laboratory observations. While fish size, loading density and feeding regime were found to affect the test results, consistent responses within a laboratory using this protocol are possible, provided that these factors are standardized. Therefore, the short-term exposure approach described in this paper could be a relevant tool for assessing the ability of different types of pulp and paper mill effluents to cause MFO induction in fish.     

Growth and nutrition of Quercus rubra L. seedlings and mature trees after three seasons of ozone exposure

Seedling growth and nutritional status have been shown to be sensitive to ozone, but the influence of multi-season ozone exposure on mature tree growth and nutrition has not been examined. To determine if seedlings and mature trees were similarly affected by ozone exposure, growth and nutrient concentrations in northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) 4-year-old seedlings and 32-year-old mature trees were examined after treatment with subambient, ambient and twice ambient concentrations of ozone for three growing seasons. SUM00 values summed over the three growing seasons were 147, 255 and 507 ppm-h, respectively, for the subambient, ambient and twice ambient exposures. For mature trees, no influence of ozone treatment on lower stem diameter growth, stem growth within the mid-canopy and foliar biomass was observed. Seedling height was increased by ozone, but biomass and diameter were unaffected. A reduction in the specific leaf weight of leaves in response to ozone coincident with the loss of recurrent flushing was observed in seedlings. Ozone exposure reduced foliar nitrogen concentrations and increased woody tissue nutrient concentrations in seedlings and mature trees at the end of the third growing season. These results suggest an influence of ozone on retranslocation processes in seedlings and mature trees.     

Biomonitoring of air pollutants from traffic and industries employing Ramalina ecklonii (Spreng.) Mey. and Flot. in Córdoba, Argentina

The lichen Ramalina ecklonii (Spreng.) Mey. and Flot. was transplanted to 29 biomonitoring sites in the southeastern area of Córdoba, Argentina and tested for chlorophyll a, phaeophytin a, conjugated dienes concentration, malondialdehyde, soluble protein content and sulfur accumulation. The biomonitoring sites were determined according to (i) vehicular traffic levels, and (ii) industrial density, i.e. number and type of industries (small and medium) close to each of the sites. Each of the two groups were then broken down into three categories which provided a basis for performance analysis and quantification of the chemical parameters in the biomonitor. A pollution index (P.I.) was calculated based on the ratio of phaeophytin a to chlorophyll a and ratio of sulfur, malonaldehyde and conjugated dienes in transplanted specimens to sulfur, malonaldehyde and conjugated dienes in the freshly picked specimens. Significant differences were observed in sulfur content and P.I. in lichen samples that had been transplanted to sites with different vehicular traffic levels. At the same time, significant differences in the phaeophytin a concentration, phaeophytin a/chlorophyll a ratio and P.I. were observed at sites characterized by different levels of industrial density (all with low-to-medium traffic).