黄浦江和苏州河的着生藻类与水质因子关系的多元分析

通过对黄浦江和苏州河7个断面的着生藻类群落结构及水质状况持续1年的监测,分析着生藻类群落结构的季节变化;并对7个水质指标进行主成分分析,提取影响水质的主要因子,结合着生藻类的群落参数,利用逐步回归分析方法建立水质主要因子与着生藻类群落参数间的回归模型,确定影响着生藻类群落参数的关键因子.结果表明:着生藻类群落结构以硅藻占主要地位,着生藻类优势种以及各群落参数的季节变化明显;对水质参数进行主成分分析（PCA）所提取的3个主成分中,主成分1（PCA1）主要代表水体中COD_Cr和Chl-a含量,主成分2（PCA2）主要代表水体中DO和TP含量,主成分3（PCA3）主要代表水体中TN含量.其中PCA1和 PCA2对着生藻类密度的影响较显著,主成分对着生藻类的其他群落参数影响不显著,表明着生藻类密度是指示河流水质状况的重要群落指标.      

等离子体改性对活性炭纤维表面化学结构的影响

采用放电等离子体对活性炭纤维表面进行改性,通过改变活性炭纤维的化学官能团来强化活性炭纤维对SO2和NOx的吸附和催化作用。利用XPS、FTIR等方法对改性活性炭纤维的化学性质进行表征,研究了活性炭纤维表面官能团在等离子体改性过程中的转化规律和机理。实验结果表明:放电改性过程可以有效地向活性炭纤维表面引入有利于脱硫脱氮的含氧、含氮官能团;当电压为8kV,放电时间为5min时,放电改性活性炭纤维的效果最佳。     

区域性二□英筛选-确认技术研究与实践

以酶联免疫分析(EIA)方法筛选和同位素稀释、高分辨气相色谱、高分辨质谱联用(HRGC-HRMS)技术确认相结合的方式,对上海地区土壤二英水平进行了研究. 以w(二英)的区域筛选值19.0 ng/kg(以EIA-TEQ计)作为筛选标准,以文献上限值10.0 ng/kg作为确认标准,对超过筛选标准的样品进行确认,并对高于确认标准的样品进行了化学组分分析. 共筛选了包括农业土壤、林地、绿地在内的145个样品,其中高于筛选标准的样品有7个,经HRGC-HRMS确认后有3个样品高于确认标准,其w(二英)为10.2～61.2 ng/kg(以I-TEQ计). 这些样品来自工业区和垃圾焚烧厂周围. 组成模式分析结果显示,它们可能受到焚烧输入源的影响,但是否直接由潜在排放源引起还需进一步研究. 研究结果表明,相对快速和成本较低的筛选-评估体系适用于较大范围区域性二英污染的快速诊断.      

Carbonaceous species in fine particles at the background sites in Korea between 1994 and 1999

Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in fine particles (PM_2.5) at two background sites, Kosan and Kangwha in Korea were measured during intensive field studies between 1994 and 1999. Fine particles were collected on pre-fired quartz filters in a low-volume sampler and analyzed using the selective thermal oxidation method with MnO₂ catalyst. The OC and EC concentrations at Kosan located at western tip of Cheju Island in southern Korea are lower than those at Kangwha located at western coastal area in mid-Korean peninsula. Still, the OC concentrations at Kosan are generally higher than those at other background areas in Japan and USA. The EC concentrations at Kosan are lower than or comparable to those at other background areas. The total carbon (TC, sum of OC and EC) to EC ratio values at both sites were higher than those at other background areas in Japan and USA. At Kosan, the OC and EC concentrations when air parcels were from southern China were higher than those when air parcels were coming from northern China. However, at Kangwha, the differences were statistically not clear since most air parcels were from northern China. Except when air parcels were from the North Pacific during summer, the OC and EC concentrations are well correlated indicating that both OC and EC share the same emission/transport characteristics. From the gaseous hydrocarbon data and the OC and EC relationship, it was found that during summer local biogenic emissions of OC might be significant at Kosan.     

Agroforestry as alternative land-use production systems for the tropics

The science of agroforestry has progressed significantly during the past three decades. This article describes and documents various prominent traditional agroforestry systems. In-depth research on interactive processes of some agrisilvicultural systems have been undertaken and quantified. It has been found that the presence of woody species can enhance nutrient cycling, and can improve soil productivity, soil conservation and soil biotic andfaunal activities. In simultaneous systems however, their presence can also cause competition with the associated food crops. Most agroforestry systems constitute ecologically and bio-physically sustainable land use systems. Some are highly sustainable and economically viable, in particular the highly complex and specialized types, such as the damar and rubber agroforests in Indonesia. Agroforestry systems have potential uses in stabilization of sloping lands and buffer zones around forest reserves, for recovering degraded lands, and for improving the productivity of the bush fallow system. Despite rapid progress in biophysical research, field application of the science of agroforestry is still minimal. This article examines the possibilities of exploring the multiple contributions of trees to food security, rural income generation, diversity of products and ecosystem conservation within sustainable agroforestry contexts. Research efforts in the new millennium need to focus more on practical research and also on socio-economic and policy factors that can enhance beneficial application of the science in the near future to smallholder farmers in the tropics.     

Assessment of soil and soil-gas radon activity using active and passive detecting methods in Korea

Radon ((222)Rn) is a carcinogenic gas produced by the radioactive decay of radium ((226)Ra). It has been reported that soil and soil-gas are primary factors that could cause indoor radon problems. Six sites were selected for this study--Sanbook, Gangcheon, Jikyeong, Choojung, Geumsung and Homyoung--each was classified according to bedrock type. In order to investigate soil-gas radon activities and radon emanating power, innovated active and passive detecting methods were developed and applied under both field and laboratory conditions. Statistical analysis of results confirmed that the radon activity values measured using either active or passive methods under field or laboratory conditions could be interchangeable with each other.     

影响土壤中微生物体氮的因子

综述了影响土壤微生物体氮的因子,以及微生物体氮与可矿化氮之间的关系。着重讨论了土壤有机质、有机物料、氮肥、作物根系、土壤温度和湿度对微生物体氮的影响及研究进展;评价了土壤微生物体氮与可矿化氮的关系的研究结果。     

环境岩土工程研究若干建议

当今,城市建设已引发越来越多的环境地质问题,由于该类问题多数属于不可逆的地质过程,因此针对其成因机制开展一些前瞻性的基础性研究,为城市建设可持续发展战略的厘定提供必需的理论储备,无疑具有重要意义。本文旨在就目前城市建设中存在的环境岩土工程问题中几个较为突出的方面,提出进一步研究的设想。     

几何法测定生物栅中美人蕉根系面积

设计了1种测定生物栅中水生植物根系面积的方法.通过分别测定美人蕉(Canna indica)3级根平均直径和2级根平均直径计算得到植物根系总面积.这种方法比常用的不分级测定植物根系直径及表面积的方法准确度高1个数量级,可以应用于大根系植物的根系测定.研究结果表明,生物栅装置中美人蕉根系总面积39.4 m2,3级根系面积是2级根系的22.2倍,而体积比接近2:1,3级根和2级根平均直径比小于1:10.应用生物栅技术处理富营养化水体时,表面积占绝对优势的3级根系在对氮、磷等元素的吸收,作为微生物附着的重要载体及加强植物与填料的固着能力,改善根系与填料的空间结构等方面起重要作用.     

接种功能内生细菌对蔬菜亚细胞菲积累的削减作用

蔬菜多环芳烃(PAHs)污染威胁人群健康.通过水培试验,研究了接种具有菲降解功能的植物内生细菌Diaphorobacter sp.Phe15对空心菜及其亚细胞组分中菲积累的影响,揭示了空心菜体内多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)的响应及其与PAHs积累的相关关系.Phe15可定殖在空心菜体内,不同部位菌株Phe...