论入世后我国防止外国污染行业转移的法律对策

加入WTO后,受到“国民待遇”原则的限制,国内原本所依靠的以行政审批制度为主的防范外国污染行业转移的措施将不再适用。在不违反国民待遇原则的前提下,依托于国内现行法律体系,通过调整产业结构、严格控制环境污染行业;完善环境影响评价制度、提高环境标准;促成防止外国污染行业转移的国际条约的签订等法律措施得以解决。     

Effects of different pretreatment methods on anaerobic mixed microflora for hydrogen production and COD reduction from palm oil mill effluent

Effects of different pretreatment methods on sludge inocula were evaluated with respect to hydrogen (H₂) production enhancement using palm oil mill effluent (POME) in a batch system. The experimental results showed that the pretreatment methods (chemical, acid, heat-shock, freezing and thawing, and base) at 35 °C and initial pH 5.5 had a positive influence on H₂ production yield and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency during the fermentative H₂ production as compared to the control experiments (without pretreatment). Heat-shock pretreatment method was shown to be a simple and useful method for enhancing both H₂ producing and COD removal processes from POME with highest H₂ yield and COD removal efficiency at 0.41 mmol H₂/g COD and 86%, respectively.     

Risk assessment for human consumption of perfluorinated compound-contaminated freshwater and marine fish from Hong Kong and Xiamen

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are man-made fluoro-surfactants that are identified as global pollutants and can pose health risks to humans and wildlife. Two aspects of risk assessment were conducted in this study, including exposure and response. Exposure was estimated by using the concentrations of PFCs in fish and applying standard exposure factors. Among different PFCs, PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUdA and PFTrDA were detected. Total concentrations of PFC in fish ranged from 0.27-8.4 ng g⁻¹ to 0.37-8.7 ng g⁻¹ respectively in Hong Kong and Xiamen. The calculated hazard ratio (HR) of PFOS for all fish was less than 1.0. However, the HR for mandarin fish in Hong Kong and bighead carp, grass carp and tilapia in Xiamen, had HR values of approximately 0.5, indicating that frequent consumption of these 4 more contaminated fish species might pose an unacceptable risk to human health. Our data support the notion that the released/disposed chemical pollutants into water systems make fish a source of environmental toxicants to humans. The risks and potential effects of PFCs to health of coastal population in the Pearl River Delta are of concern.