模拟增温效应对西藏苔草繁殖生态的影响

通过采用国际冻原计划模拟增温对植物影响的方法,从繁殖生态学角度研究了西藏苔草（Carex thibetica Franch）种群的物候期、分蘖数、生物量和种群繁殖对增温的响应。结果表明：暖棚内气温、土壤表层温度分别了1.17℃和1.50℃;物候期提前或延迟,生长期延长;增温可以提高西藏苔草的生殖产量,但不提高其种子发芽率;增温可提高西藏苔草分蘖数和生物量;西藏苔草繁殖对策趋于营养繁殖。     

氨氮对中华绒螯蟹仔蟹肝组织RNA/DNA及肝细胞结构的影响

以中华绒螯蟹（Eriocheir sinesis）仔蟹为研究对象。采用静水试验法,温度在20℃左右,用氨氮与过滤海水分设5个质量浓度组（2.04、6.35、9.04、11.75和19.13 mg.L-1）,同时以过滤海水为对照组（氨氮质量浓度为0.30 mg.L-1）,每一个质量浓度组设3个平行样本,对中华绒螯蟹仔蟹进行6 d胁迫试验。每2 d观察仔蟹的蜕壳情况,并分别于实验后的2、4和6 d取仔蟹肝组织样,应用激光共聚焦技术分析测定RNA/DNA荧光相素比,同时用透射电镜观察6 d后,最高浓度组和对照组仔蟹肝细胞结构的变化情况。试验结果表明;对于氨氮的胁迫,仔蟹的变态率随染毒浓度的增高而降低,同时变态蜕壳的时间也会产生延迟现象。氨氮的胁迫会引起仔蟹的肝组织细胞内的DNA和RNA的质量分数逐渐降低,导致RNA/DNA比率的不断下降。在高质量浓度氨氮的胁迫下,使得仔蟹肝细胞线粒体部分解体、胞质空泡化和染色质浓缩、转运泡数量增多,体积增大,细胞出现许多空泡和微绒毛消失等一系列的损伤变化。破坏了仔蟹自身机能正常的代谢和生长水平。     

基于蛙跳算法优化的生态环境质量评价的韦伯-费希纳指数公式

为了建立简便、实用的生态环境质量评价模型,在构建生态环境评价指标体系的基础上,设定各指标的参照值和规范变换式,使规范变换后的不同指标同级标准的规范值差异不大。进而提出了一个对多项指标的规范值都适用的生态环境质量评价的韦伯-费希纳(W-F)指数公式。采用混合蛙跳算法对公式的参数进行优化,得出优化后对多项指标皆适用的生态环境质量评价的W-F指数公式。运用该公式对巢湖流域的生态环境质量进行评价,其结果与该流域生态环境质量实际情况基本相符,表明模型有一定的实用性。     

保护性耕作对土壤有机碳、氮储量的影响

以辽宁彰武县保护性耕作示范推广基地土壤为研究对象,通过实地调查和取样分析,对比研究了传统犁耕和6年免耕秸秆覆盖条件下的土壤有机碳、氮储量,为广泛评价保护性耕作的土壤碳、氮截获功能和合理选择农业耕作方式提供科学依据。研究结果表明,与犁耕相比,免耕覆盖不同程度地提高了0～5cm和5～15cm土层的有机碳、氮储量,对15cm以下土层没有影响,从而增加了0～100cm土体总的有机碳、氮储量,证明了免耕覆盖的土壤碳、氮截获功能,年均截获率分别为1.37Mg·hm-2和0.84Mg·hm-2。有机碳、氮在犁耕土壤0～30cm剖面的垂直分布较为均匀,免耕覆盖后则发生明显的分层,产生表聚现象。     

Perception of people for the risk of Tianwan nuclear power plant

A questionnaire survey of residents’ risk perceptions related to Taiwan nuclear power plant in China was carried out to explore the determining factors that affect individual risk perception. This study proposed to pursue a more comprehensive understanding of factors that affected individual risk perception to nuclear power plants. Covariance structure analysis was conducted using risk perceptions of nuclear power as dependent variable and including interest and knowledge levels of nuclear power, acceptability, benefit perception, trust in nuclear power operation, and trust in government as independent variables. The use of the hypothesis of Elaboration likelihood model (ELM) was also proposed. The results showed that persons with higher levels of interest and knowledge of nuclear power had their own perceptions of risk closely associated with acceptability and potential benefits of nuclear power. In contrast, persons with no interest in and knowledge of nuclear power would have risk perceptions related to their trust in nuclear operation and the government, which partially supported the ELM hypothesis. All these results indicated that the government in China plays an important role in rational risk perceptions, and well-designed communication of risks will help the public to be involved in risk management and improve people’s rational acceptance of risk.     

磁性多孔陶粒生物膜反应器处理垃圾渗滤液的试验研究

对多孔陶瓷进行磁化改性获得磁性多孔陶瓷载体,并将该载体应用于垃圾渗滤液的处理试验.对比试验结果表明:在反应器的曝气量为3 L/h,曝气时间为16 h/d,温度为20～30℃时,垃圾渗滤液经磁性载体生物膜反应器30d处理后,上清液中COD、NH3-N的去除率均在90％以上,出水浓度达到国家生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准(GB16889-2008)的指标要求.     

Asian Americans and workplace discrimination: The interplay between sex of evaluators and the perception of social skills

In two role‐playing scenarios, we investigate how White male and female evaluators perceive an Asian American versus White job candidate on the dimensions of competence and social skills and how these perceptions affect evaluators' decisions in hiring and promotion. Specifically, Study 1 examines how the perceptions of competence and social skills affect Asian (versus White) college graduates' chance of obtaining a non‐technical (versus technical) position, and Study 2 tests how these perceptions affect Asians' probability of promotion relative to Whites'. Our findings suggest that female evaluators were less likely to select Asian than White candidates into positions involving social skills and were less likely to promote Asian than White candidates into these types of positions. Furthermore, female evaluators' perception that Asians were less socially skilled than Whites mediated both of these decisions. This paper contributes to the understanding of workplace discrimination of Asian Americans. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Quantitative risk analysis of urban natural gas pipeline networks using geographical information systems

This paper presents a novel quantitative risk analysis process for urban natural gas pipeline networks using geographical information systems (GIS). The process incorporates an assessment of failure rates of integrated pipeline networks, a quantitative analysis model of accident consequences, and assessments of individual and societal risks. Firstly, the failure rates of the pipeline network are calculated using empirical formulas influenced by parameters such as external interference, corrosion, construction defects, and ground movements. Secondly, the impacts of accidents due to gas leakage, diffusion, fires, and explosions are analyzed by calculating the area influenced by poisoning, burns, and deaths. Lastly, based on the previous analyses, individual risks and social risks are calculated. The application of GIS technology helps strengthen the quantitative risk analysis (QRA) model and allows construction of a QRA system for urban gas pipeline networks that can aid pipeline management staff in demarcating high risk areas requiring more frequent inspections.     

城市内涝灾害应急救援指派模型

为实现应急救援队伍的合理派遣以快速营救受困人员,根据城市内涝灾害特点、城市内涝灾害情况和救援资源的分布,综合考虑应急救援队伍的救援效率、救援可靠性、救援时间等因素,构建多目标应急救援指派模型。运用模糊数学思想,将各目标下的属性值矩阵转化为模糊关系矩阵。针对优化模型的特点,采用反点法对模型进行求解。为证明反点算法的可行性,采用标准匈牙利算法对模型进行求解并加以验证。算例结果表明,多目标优化方案可以进行良好的任务分配,可满足应急救援任务的需要。     

高效石油降解菌的筛选、鉴定及其配比优化的研究

从克拉玛依地区石油污染土壤中分离筛选出4株高效石油降解菌S1、S2、S5和S8,经形态观察、生理生化反应和分子鉴定,确定4株菌分别为蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)、恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)和地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)。为了提高对石油的降解效率,对4株菌的添加比例进行了响应面的优化。结果表明,当石油含量为1.5 g时,菌种S1、S2、S5和S8接种量分别为0.21 g、0.22 g、0.41 g和0.22 g时的石油降解率达到最大值。在该条件下石油降解率预测值为60.17%,验证值为60.10%。