电厂环境噪声模型的研究

为了开展电厂环境噪声预测及评价工作,提出了电厂环境噪声预测数学模型,研制出电算程序。此模型吸取了众多模型的优点,声源模式有点源、分布面源、体源和线源;传播方式分近场和远场;障碍物影响考虑了反射,衍射和衍射的反射。用此模型对耒阳电厂环境噪声进行计算,计算与实测结果表明,此模型精度高,软件实用、方便。     

锌对厌氧体系的影响及5种重金属离子抑制作用的比较

研究在混合式厌氧消化器中锌离子对厌氧生物的抑制作用和不同的日加入量对厌氧体系的影响。实验结果表明,日加入锌低于４０ｍｇ／Ｌ,对体系无影响;日加入量为７０ｍｇ／Ｌ和高于１０９ｍｇ／Ｌ时,对体系分别造成轻微抑制和严重抑制。同时,以体系中溶解态金属离子的浓度（ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）与体系中污泥含量（ｋｇＶＳ／Ｌ）的比值为依据,比较了５种金属离子对体系的抑制性强弱,其顺序为：Ｐｂ＞Ｃｕ＞Ｎｉ＞Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）＞Ｃｒ（Ⅲ）     

不同来源菌种对苯系化合物生物降解性的比较

研究了从城市污水处理场和石油化工废水处理场曝气池活性污泥中富集的混合菌种对苯,甲苯,乙基苯,邻二甲苯,间二甲苯和对二甲苯６种化合物的生物降解性。在相同的生物试验条件下,比较了２类不同来源菌种对被试验化合物代谢过程在耐受化合物浓度,降解启动工作服     

染料脱色菌的筛选及固定化脱色试验

从印染厂污水中筛选到７株高效脱色菌,其中Ｐｓｅ４、Ｐｓｅ２９两菌在非固定化条件下,分别对１０ｍｇ／Ｌ阳离子桃红ＦＧ、活性艳红Ｋ－２ＢＰ溶液３在染料为唯一碳源、能源时、１２ｄ脱以８０％以上,这２菌都属于公章民菌属,将各菌等量混合进行脱色,没有协同作用,采用凹凸棒粘土颗粒或塑料环为载体固定化脱色菌,能大大缩短反应时间,提高脱色率,凹凸棒颗粒固定化柱在６ｈ即对６０ｍｇ／Ｌ混合染料脱色９１％,是一种具有较     

Trivalent chromium solubility and its influence on quantification of hexavalent chromium in ambient particulate matter using EPA method 6800

Measurement of carcinogenic Cr(VI) in ambient PM is challenging due to potential errors associated with conversion between Cr(VI) (a carcinogen) and Cr(III) (an essential nutrient). Cr(III) conversion is a particular concern due to its >80% atomic abundance in total Cr. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) method 6800 that uses water-soluble isotope spikes can be used to correct the interconversion. However, whether the enriched Cr(III) isotope spikes can adequately mimic the Cr(III) species originally in ambient PM is unknown. This study examined the water solubility of Cr(III) in ambient PM and discussed its influence on Cr(VI) measurement. Ambient PM₁₀ samples were collected on Teflon filters at four sites in New Jersey that may have different Cr emission sources. The samples were ultrasonically extracted with 5 mL DI-H₂O (pH 5.7) at room temperature for 40 min, and then analyzed by ion chromatography–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (IC-ICPMS). Cr(III) was below detection limit (0.06 ng/m³) for all samples, suggesting water-soluble Cr(III) species, such as CrCl₃, Cr(NO₃)₃, and amorphous Cr(OH)₃, in the ambient PM were negligible. Therefore, the enriched ⁵⁰Cr(III) isotope spike (in the form of Cr(NO₃)₃) could not mimic the original ambient Cr(III). Only the conversion of ⁵³Cr(VI) (in the form of K₂CrO₄) was taken into account when correcting the interconversion. We then used NaHCO₃-pretreated MCE filters (prespiked with enriched isotope species) to measure Cr(VI) in the ambient PM₁₀. The samples were ultrasonically extracted at 60 C pH 9 solutions for 40 min followed by IC-ICPMS analysis. Due to the correction of Cr(VI) reduction, the Cr(VI) concentrations determined by EPA method 6800, 0.26 ± 0.16 (summer) and 0.16 ± 0.11(winter) ng/m³ (n = 64), were significantly greater than those by the external standard curve, 0.21 ± 0.17 (summer) and 0.10 ± 0.07 (winter) ng/m³ (n = 56) (p < 0.01, Student’s t-test). Our study revealed that appropriate application of EPA method 6800 is important because it only applies to soluble fraction of Cr species in ambient PM.

ImplicationsAccurate measurement of carcinogenic Cr(VI) in ambient PM is challenging due to conversion between Cr(VI) (a human carcinogen) and Cr(III) (a human essential nutrient). The conversion of Cr(III) is of particular concern due to its dominant presence in total Cr (>80%). This study examined the water solubility of Cr(III) in ambient PM that was collected at four locations in New Jersey. Then we discussed the influence of Cr(III) solubility on the application of EPA method 6800, which utilizes enriched isotope spikes to correct the interconversion. Our results suggested that appropriate application of EPA method 6800 is important because it only applies to soluble fraction of Cr species.     

住宅室内降尘中邻苯二甲酸酯的污染特征及传输途径

本文分别于夏季和冬季在北京市40户家庭的客厅和卧室采集降尘样品,研究降尘中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的污染特征.结果表明,室内降尘中主要的PAEs(及其浓度)为DIBP (39.6 ng·mg~(-1),几何平均浓度,下同)、DBP (38.7 ng·mg~(-1))和DEHP (418.5 ng·mg~(-1)).降尘中PAEs的浓度与温度、相对湿度和换气次数均呈显著正相关(P0.005).这是由于室温升高和换气次数增高加快PAEs的源排放速率,促进室内空气中PAEs积累并通过气相媒介传输使得降尘PAEs浓度增高;湿度升高促进空气中PAEs向降尘的传质,增大降尘中PAEs浓度.3种因素共同影响使得夏季降尘中3种PAEs的浓度均显著高于冬季(P0.0001).研究还发现,源材料中PAEs至降尘的传输途径包括以气相为媒介的间接传输和源至降尘的直接转移,因此降尘PAEs浓度与采集平面材料相关;降尘PAEs浓度还受降尘在室内的停留时间影响.因此,相关研究需指明降尘的类型、采集位置和平面材料,便于利用测量数据进行准确的暴露评估.     

铜绿假单胞菌NY3所产表面活性剂对原油降解的影响

铜绿假单胞菌NY3是从石油污染土壤中分离出的一株能快速代谢疏水性化合物的菌种。研究了该菌产表面活性剂及对原油降解的作用。实验表明,在敞开体系中,投加82 mg/L NY3菌产的鼠李糖脂,240 h能使NY3对原油的降解率提高50%。投加甘油使NY3产鼠李糖脂与降解原油同步进行,与投加鼠李糖脂对原油降解的促进作用相近。投加9‰甘油使NY3在168 h对原油的降解率提高43%。NY3菌能同时降解原油中的直链烷烃及菲(Pr)和芘(Ph)等多环芳烃。在敞开体系中用少量甘油使产鼠李糖脂和降解原油同步进行,节约处理费用。研究结果为NY3菌株在露天石油污染环境修复中的应用奠定了基础。     

稠油罐底泥碳化处理技术研究与应用*

为解决油田生产过程中产生的稠油罐底泥的环境污染和资源浪费问题,在分析含油污泥性质和特点的基础上开发了稠油罐底泥碳化处理工艺及配套装置。介绍了该技术的原理及工艺流程,在小试、中试研究的基础上,进行了工业化应用,稠油罐底泥的处理效果表明:油气回收率可达90%以上,轻质油品占回收油总量的78%以上,焚烧处理后的残渣未检出矿物油;烟气和废水相关项目的监测值符合相关标准。     

油田采出水微波处理技术探讨

微波应用于油田采出水处理,具有辅助絮凝、杀菌、降低腐蚀的作用。实验表明:应用微波处理油田采出水,可使PAC(聚合氯化铝)加量减少20%、PAM(聚丙烯酰胺)减少30%,处理时间仅为常规工艺的1/4,微波处理60s可将采出水中的TGB(腐生菌)、FEB(铁细菌)、SRB(硫酸盐还原菌)杀死99%以上,与常规工艺相比,微波处理后水质腐蚀率可下降20%以上。     

油田井场废水高效絮凝剂研究与应用

文章分析了长庆油田井场废水特点,研制了三种适合于长庆油田井场废水处理的絮凝剂。将研发的絮凝剂与普通PAM分析进行对比,新型絮凝剂对色度及石油类的去除比常规PAM去除率提高了50%左右,悬浮物及COD的去除率亦分别提高了20%和30%。现场应用表明,研发的絮凝剂具有良好的应用效果。