In recent years, the hydrological characters of Baiyangdian Wetland have changed greatly, which, in turn, influence the biotic component, the structure and function of the wetland ecosystem. In order to determine the demands for water resources of ecological wetland system, a method of ecological water level coefficient was suggested to calculate the water resources demands for wetland environment use. This research showed that the minimum coefficient is 0.94 and the optimal coefficient is more than 1.10. According to these two coefficients, the ecological water level and water quantity can be estimated. The results indicate that the amount of the minimal and optimal eco-environmental water requirements are 0.87 × 108 and 2.78 × 108 m3 in average monthly, respectively, with the maximum eco-environmental water requirement in summer and the minimum in winter. The annual change of eco-environment water demand is in according with the climate change and hydrological characters. The method of ecological water level emphasizes that wetland ecosystem adapts to the hydrological conditions, so it can be used in practice well. 相似文献
This study aims to reveal the evolutionary process of particles during the diesel exhaust transport process and to further understand the effects of diesel exhaust transport distance (DET) on a particulate microstructure. Specifically, the micromorphological, particle size distribution, and aggregate characteristics of particles as well as the variation of the structural characteristics of elementary carbon particles (ECPs) as DET changed were examined using an engine exhaust particle size spectrometer, a high-resolution transmission electron microscopy system, and a small-angle X-ray scattering system. The results show the following: As DET increased, the chains gradually lengthened, the extent of accumulation and stacking increased, and a number of clusters gradually rose. The average particle diameter increased from 23.1 nm at 0 m to 92.7 nm at 3 m. In addition, as DET increased, the number of accumulation-mode particles, the number of folded, curved carbon layers in the inner core of carbon particles, and the disorderliness of carbon layers in the outer shell of carbon particles all increased. Moreover, the boundary between the inner core and the outer shell became increasingly obscure. As DET increased, there was a gradual decrease in the difference in electron density between particles, and the fractal dimensionality of the distribution, average cross-sectional size, radius of gyration, and axial length of pores were, respectively, 33.3%, 40%, 38.2%, and 50.3% less at 3 m than at 0 m. Besides that, the number of small (< 3 nm) pores gradually increased, and the number of large (> 10 nm) pores gradually decreased. Overall, as DET increased, pore size and number decreased. There was a gradual increase in the number of folded and curved carbon layers in the inner core of ECPs and an increase in the disorderliness of carbon layers in their outer shell as DET increased. Furthermore, the boundary between the inner core and the outer shell became increasingly obscure as DET increased. The crystallite size of ECPs decreased from 1.365 nm at 0 m to 1.098 nm at 3 m. This suggests that the number of continuously arranged carbon atoms decreased, the arrangement of carbon atoms was more disorderly, and the degree of graphitization decreased. As DET increased, there was a gradual increase in the interlayer spacing and curvature of ECPs. This suggests that increasing DET led to a more disorderly distribution of electron orbitals inside the carbon layers, less electron resonance stability in the carbon layers, greater oxidative activity of ECPs, and greater inherent oxidative capacity of particles.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This study investigated the feature of phosphorus uptake by low-cost waste concrete. Adsorption isotherms, metal dissolution, influence of P... 相似文献