光催化-臭氧氧化降解H酸的研究

采用光催化一臭氧氧化技术（催化膜／UV／O3）降解H酸。研究结果表明，光催化与臭氧氧化相结合具有明显的协同作用。实验进一步讨论了臭氧投加量、废水初始pH值和H酸初始浓度对光催化一臭氧氧化降解H酸的影响。降解后的H酸，萘环结构被破坏，可生化性提高。     

不同地质背景下土壤溶解有机碳含量的季节动态及其影响因子

为了解岩溶区和非岩溶区土壤溶解有机碳(DOC)含量及其季节动态是否存在差异,为今后相关研究提供研究依据,作者用0.5mol·L-1K2SO4浸提法分析测定了广西桂林市灵川县潮田乡毛村由泥盆系融县组灰岩(D3r)发育石灰土、砂页岩(D2l)发育红壤中溶解有机碳的含量及其季节动态变化,并分析了其与影响因子的相互关系。结果表明:石灰土中溶解有机碳的质量分数为:19.3675～143.2524mg·kg-1,红壤的为:221.1652～1016.602mg·kg-1,石灰土因其偏碱、高钙镁、高有机质含量的特性而使得DOC含量远低于非岩溶区红壤的含量;石灰土和酸性土DOC含量在秋季都达到最高值,在冬季或春季含量最低;在空间分布上都随土壤深度增加而降低。岩溶区及非岩溶区土壤DOC含量的季节动态变化可以划分为4个阶段:①9—10月高温少雨,植物凋落物增多,DOC含量在一年中最高;②11月-12月,气温迅速降低,微生物活性随之降低,DOC含量下降;③12月底—4月,前期(12月至次年2月)DOC浓度随土壤有机质含量的增加而增加;后期(3—4月)气温回升,降雨频繁,生物复苏,生物活动旺盛,土壤DOC含量迅速增加;④5—8月,高温多雨,DOC转化为CO2释放出来,部分DOC随雨水淋失,土壤中DOC总含量不高。     

产氢新种Ethanoligenens harbinese B49的氮素营养与代谢特征

从氮源角度研究了一株产氢新种Ethanoligenens harbineseB49发酵葡萄糖和糖蜜的产氢特性及其营养需求,以及酵母粉对产氢菌E.harbinese B49生长和产氢的特殊效应.试验结果表明,在以葡萄糖为底物条件下,以酵母粉替代蛋白胨作为唯一氮源可以大大提高E.harbineseB49的产氢能力,单位体积产氢量从1700mL L-1培养基提高到2400mL L-1培养基,产氢能力提高40.35%.该条件下去除维生素液,E.harbinese B49的产氢能力不受影响.从E.harbinese B49产氢动力学分析可以看出,对数生长期处于12~22h期间.从对数期开始迅速产氢,并且一直持续到稳定前期,产氢速率达到16.8mL/h,生物气中最大氢含量为41%.驯化后的E.harbinese B49利用糖蜜为底物产氢,糖蜜COD为13g L-1时,单位体积最大产氢能力为1576mL L-1.当培养基中额外加入0.5g L-1酵母粉时,可以大大促进E.harbinese B49发酵糖蜜产氢的能力,单位体积氢产量达到1960mL L-1,提高了24.4%,比产氢率达到150.8mL(H2)/g(COD).以牛肉膏、蛋白胨、尿素为氮源时,E.harbineseB49产氢量提高较小.图4表2参16     

水处理超滤系统经济技术分析研究

水源的污染和饮用水水质标准的提高促进了饮用水深度净化技术的发展.作为饮用水深度净化的主要工艺之一,超滤膜技术在应用中需要进一步解决成本核算的问题.超滤系统的经济技术分析与原水水质紧密相关,因为不同原水水质对膜的污染程度不同,渗透通量不同,从而导致成本不同.本章从超滤膜过滤成本模型出发,结合污水深度处理的实践,进行了超滤系统的成本估算.从超滤膜过滤成本模型出发,结合污水深度处理的实践,进行了超滤系统的成本估算.     

Assessment of flooding impacts in terms of sustainability in mainland China

An understanding of flood impact in terms of sustainability is vital for long-term disaster risk reduction. This paper utilizes two important concepts: conventional insurance related flood risk for short-term damage by specific flood events, and long-term flood impact on sustainability. The Insurance Related Flood Risk index, IRFR, is defined as the product of the Flood Hazard Index (FHI) and Vulnerability. The Long-term Flood Impact on Sustainability index, LFIS, is the ratio of the flood hazard index to the Sustainable Development Index (SDI). Using a rapid assessment approach, quantitative assessments of IRFR and LFIS are carried out for 2339 counties and cities in mainland China. Each index is graded from ‘very low’ to ‘very high’ according to the eigenvalue magnitude of cluster centroids. By combining grades of FHI and SDI, mainland China is then classified into four zones in order to identify regional variations in the potential linkage between flood hazard and sustainability. Zone I regions, where FHI is graded ‘very low’ or ‘low’ and SDI is ‘medium’ to ‘very high’, are mainly located in western China. Zone II regions, where FHI and SDI are ‘medium’ or ‘high’, occur in the rapidly developing areas of central and eastern China. Zone III regions, where FHI and SDI are ‘very low’ or ‘low’, correspond to the resource-based areas of western and north-central China. Zone IV regions, where FHI is ‘medium’ to ‘very high’ and SDI is ‘very low’ to ‘low’, occur in ecologically fragile areas of south-western China. The paper also examines the distributions of IRFR and LFIS throughout mainland China. Although 57% of the counties and cities have low IRFR values, 64% have high LFIS values. The modal values of LFIS are ordered as Zone I < Zone II ≈ Zone III < Zone IV; whereas the modal values of IRFR are ordered as Zone I < Zone III < Zone IV < Zone II. It is recommended that present flood risk policies be altered towards a more sustainable flood risk management strategy in areas where LFIS and IRFR vary significantly, with particular attention focused on Zone IV regions, which presently experience poverty and a deteriorating eco-system.     

Impacts of Social and Demographic Factors on Residents’ Subjective Well-being in Rural China

Abstract

The objective of social development is to construct a harmonious society. In China, the key to a harmonious society is the happiness of more than 900 million farmers living in the rural areas. This study aimed to measure rural residents’ subjective well-being (SWB) through the day reconstruction method, as well as to analyze SWB’s influencing factors through a variety of statistical methods. The results showed that the average U index was 12.79%, indicating that respondents were unhappy 12.79% of the time. Twenty-seven percent of the population had a U index greater than 0, with the average value being 47%, indicating that these people were unhappy 47% of the time. The study also found that SWB varied according to the characteristics of the respondents. Logistic regression analysis showed that social and demographic factors, including age, education, county, household size, generation number, per capita income, migration status and social networking, which significantly affected rural residents’ SWB. The size of the impact varied with the different factors.     

超音速气动液滴荷电雾化及降尘性能试验研究*

为探究煤炭生产过程中呼吸性粉尘难以捕捉且对人体造成伤害的问题,提出超音速水雾荷电降尘技术。基于荷电雾化机理,研究电极环直径、电极间距、电压3因素对超音速气动液滴荷电、雾化效果的影响。利用网状目标法测量雾滴群电流并计算荷质比,采用SPSS软件分析3因素与雾滴荷质比之间的相关性,并用激光粒度仪测量雾滴粒径。最后,采用最优荷电雾化参数进行喷雾降尘试验。研究结果表明:各因素对荷电效果的影响次序为:电压>电极间距>电极环直径;雾滴粒径随电压的升高而减小,随电极间距的增大先增大后减小,随电极环直径的增大先减小后增大;当电压12 kV,电极间距2.5 cm,电极环直径6 cm时,超音速荷电水雾降尘效果最佳,与普通水雾降尘相比,全尘降尘效率提高12.4%,呼尘降尘效率提高49.6%。     

超声/过硫酸盐降解阿特拉津实验研究

在磷酸盐缓冲液(PB)中考察了特定条件下超声/过硫酸盐(US/PS)降解阿特拉津(又称莠去津,ATZ)的效果并对其降解机理及动力学进行了探讨.结果显示,在恒温水浴20℃的pH7的PB中,PS、ATZ浓度分别为200、0.928μmol/L,US强度为0.88 W/mL,反应时间为60 min时,US/PS对ATZ的降解...     

两种铁氧化物对土壤有效态汞的吸附作用研究

利用氧化物对土壤中汞的吸附特性,研究了汞污染土壤中添加铁锰和铁铝复合氧化物对土壤汞有效性的影响.结果表明,在土壤中添加氧化物后,土壤中有效态汞的含量明显降低,在相同添加量下铁铝复合氧化物比铁锰复合氧化物的吸附效果好.14 d时间内,添加铁铝氧化物后,两种土壤中有效态汞的含量分别降低了94.60%和93.11%;添加铁锰氧化物后,两种土样中有效态汞的含量分别降低了88.69%和87.85%,可见两种氧化物是土壤中有效态汞的有效吸附剂.通过方程拟合研究了氧化物对土壤中有效态汞吸附的规律,其中,铁铝氧化物对土壤中有效态汞的吸附规律以Elovich方程和权函数方程拟合度较好,铁锰氧化对土壤中有效态汞的吸附规律以Elovich方程拟合效果最好,零级速率方程及指数方程的拟合效果则相对较差.