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141.
International environmental agreements (IEAs) can coordinate abatement of transboundary pollutants. This paper investigates
how heterogeneous countries facing a stock pollutant might structure such an agreement. In particular, we examine how an IEA
might be implemented with a set of monetary transfers. The focus is on transfers that are time invariant, linear in emissions,
and consistent with budget balance. There is a range of such schemes that would induce efficient emissions. We provide a simple
and intuitive characterization of these penalties and describe how specific proposals might be chosen in order to facilitate
compliance and implementation. Our proposals are illustrated with a simple example. We show that heterogeneity reduces the
scope for penalty schemes to jointly satisfy desirable properties. 相似文献
142.
Stephanie C. Payne Mindy E. Bergman Jennifer M. Rodríguez Jeremy M. Beus Jaime B. Henning 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2010,23(6):806-812
In order to evaluate the leading and lagging effects of process safety climate on incidents, we correlated safety climate survey data with organizational safety records from before and after the survey time period. We obtained data from a large, multinational organization with manufacturing operations involving a number of complex processes, chemicals, and hazardous substances. A total of 7728 employees from 62 sites responded to a safety climate survey in 2007. Individual responses were aggregated to the site-level and matched to site-level organizational records of process safety incidents 1 year before and 1 year after survey administration. Employees’ perceptions of good routine housekeeping were significantly related to environmental impact incidents as both a leading and a lagging indicator, as well as fires/explosions and property damage outcomes. Employees’ perceptions of systems to prevent backlogs and the extent to which health and safety problems are promptly corrected were also related to environmental releases and fires/explosions. Implications for process safety climate research, organizational survey strategies, and organizational climate change are discussed. 相似文献
143.
Kazuharu Yoshizuka Syouhei Nishihama Hideki Sato 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2010,32(4):297-302
The objective of this study was to survey the cation and anion contents of geothermal waters to gather fundamental information
on geographical variations. Sixteen sites in hot spring areas on the island of Kyushu in Japan were studied. The study focused
on the arsenic content of the samples. Very high arsenic concentrations (more than 0.1 mg/l) were detected in most of the
geothermal waters sampled. High contents of boron and fluoride (more than 1.0 mg/l) were also detected in some samples. Arsenic
removal was performed on a laboratory scale using columns packed with a magnetite-type adsorbent. The reduction of arsenic
contamination to a concentration of less than 0.01 mg/l could be achieved in the early stages of adsorption (bed volume = 200). 相似文献
144.
145.
Maria J. Ferreira Manuel F. Almeida Sílvia C. Pinho Isabel C. Santos 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2010,30(6):1091-1100
Due to the amounts of chromium in the leachate resulting from leather leaching tests, chromium sulfate tanned leather wastes are very often considered hazardous wastes. To overcome this problem, one option could be recovering the chromium and, consequently, lowering its content in the leather scrap. With this objective, chromium leather scrap was leached with sulfuric acid solutions at low temperature also aiming at maximizing chromium removal with minimum attack of the leather matrix. The effects of leather scrap dimension, sulfuric acid and sodium sulfate concentration in the solutions, as well as extraction time and temperature on chromium recovery were studied, and, additionally, organic matrix degradation was evaluated. The best conditions found for chromium recovery were leather scrap conditioning using 25 mL of concentrated H2SO4/L solution at 293 or 313 K during 3 or 6 days. Under such conditions, 30–60 ± 5% of chromium was recovered and as low as 3–6 ± 1% of the leather total organic carbon (TOC) was dissolved. Using such treatment, the leather scrap area and volume are reduced and the residue is a more brittle material showing enhanced anaerobic biodegradability. Although good recovery results were achieved, due to the fact that the amount of chromium in eluate exceeded the threshold value this waste was still hazardous. Thus, it needs to be methodically washed in order to remove all the chromium de-linked from collagen. 相似文献
146.
N. Said T. Bishara A. García-Maraver M. Zamorano 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2013,33(11):2250-2256
Rice straw can be used as a renewable fuel for heat and power generation. It is a viable mean of replacing fossil fuels and preventing pollution caused by open burning, especially in the areas where this residual biomass is generated. Nevertheless, the thermal conversion of rice straw can cause some operating problems such as slag formation, which negatively affects thermal conversion systems. So, the main objective of this research is studying the combustion behavior of rice straw samples collected from various regions by applying thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In addition, the thermal behavior of ashes from rice straw was also analyzed in order to detect their melting points, and ash sintering was detected at different temperatures within the range between 550 and 1000 °C. Since washing rice straw with water could reduce the content of undesirable inorganic compounds related to the ash fusibility, samples of washed rice straw were analyzed under combustion conditions to investigate its differences regarding the thermal behavior of rice straw. The results showed that rice straw washing led to a significant improvement in its thermal behavior, since it reduced the ash contents and sintering formation. 相似文献
147.
Jesús M. Avilés Deseada Parejo Tomás Pérez-Contreras Carlos Navarro Juan J. Soler 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2010,97(2):181-186
A considerable number of bird species carry feathers to their nests. Feathers’ presence in the nests has traditionally been
explained by their insulating properties. Recently, however, it has been suggested that feathers carried to the nests by females
of the spotted starling (Sturnus unicolor L.) could have an ornamental function based on their ultraviolet (300–400 nm) and human-visible longer wavelength (400–700 nm)
coloration. In our population, 95.7% of feathers found inside next-boxes occupied by nesting starlings were rock dove fly
feathers. Of these feathers, 82.7% were naturally positioned with their reverse side oriented toward the entrance hole and
42.4% of all found feathers were situated within the nest-cup. Here we experimentally assess the signaling function of ultraviolet
coloration of feathers in nests of spotless starlings by providing nests with a number of pigeon flight feathers that were
respectively treated on their obverse, reverse, both, or neither side with a UV blocker. Starlings placed 42.5% of the experimental
feathers in the nest-cup irrespective of the UV block treatment. Orientation of feathers toward the entrance hole was not
related with their ultraviolet radiation. However, feathers placed within the nest-cup were more likely found with their reverse
side oriented toward the entrance hole confirming our correlative findings. These results suggest a minor role of ultraviolet
coloration on feather location by spotless starlings. 相似文献
148.
149.
The Role of Disaggregation of Asset Values in Flood Loss Estimation: A Comparison of Different Modeling Approaches at the Mulde River,Germany 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Anja Wünsch Ulrich Herrmann Heidi Kreibich Annegret H. Thieken 《Environmental management》2009,44(3):524-541
In loss estimation there is a spatial mismatch of hazard data that are commonly modeled on an explicit raster level and exposure
data that are often available only for aggregated administrative units. Usually disaggregation methods that use ancillary
information to distribute lumped exposure data in a finer spatial resolution help to bridge this gap. However, the actual
influence of different mapping techniques and ancillary data on the final loss estimation has not been analyzed yet. In this
paper three methods are applied to disaggregate residential building assets using two kinds of land use/land cover (LULC)
data. The resulting disaggregated assets are validated and compared using census data of the residential building number on
the community and constituency level. In addition, the disaggregated assets are taken to estimate residential building losses
due to the flood in August 2002 in 21 municipalities on the River Mulde in Saxony, Germany. Losses are calculated with the
help of four loss models. In general, disaggregation helps to decrease the error variance within the loss estimation. It must,
however, be stated that the application of sophisticated disaggregation methods does not lead to significant improvements
compared to the straightforward binary method. Therefore more effort should instead be put into the provision of high-resolution
LULC data. Finally, the remaining uncertainties in loss estimation are high and demand further improvements in all modeling
aspects. 相似文献
150.