安全风险预警技术研究

安全风险预警技术是一种预防事故、提高安全管理的效率和水平的有效手段.对安全风险预警技术的研究是实现现代化安全管理的迫切要求.本文提出了实施安全风险预警的具体方法,即选用危险态(第二类危险源)作为预警要素,通过对所有预警要素的实时监控,并将监控结果进行综合评价,以警示色的形式发出预警信号,提示相关部门采取应对措施的方法.最后,本文以首都机场的应用实例展示该技术的具体应用过程和其有效性.     

二氧化钛颗粒的制备及其脱硫吸附性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法(Sol-gel)在不同烧结温度(340℃,440℃,540℃,640℃)下制备了4种多孔TiO₂颗粒,X射线衍射法(XRD)测得4种样品的晶相均为锐钛矿型.低温77K氮气吸附法计算4种样品的比表面积为79～124m²/g,平均孔径56.8～254.8 A.电子扫描电镜分析了样品的表面结构为多孔高孔隙率结构在固定床中对4种样品进行动态脱硫试验,试验结果表明烧结温度在540℃时制备的样品品质较好,每g TiO₂颗粒可吸附38.9mg的SO₂.以SG 540样品为例,研究了固定床中吸附温度,气相中SO2的浓度以及气体流速对其脱硫吸附性能的影响.与活性炭、沸石物理吸附剂比较,TiO₂颗粒具有较高的脱硫吸附能力.FTIR红外光谱分析法,结合加热脱附试验的结果,得知TiO₂颗粒吸附剂脱硫的机理主要是物理吸附.     

硅藻土地区桥梁灌注桩成孔测试研究∗

硅藻土作为一种特殊的黏性土,在分布上具有一定的区域性,目前针对该类型土的工程特性以及硅藻土地区灌注桩成孔方法的研究都较少。以杭绍台高铁项目为工程依托,为了研究硅藻土层中灌注桩的成孔方法,开展了灌注桩成孔方法现场试验;分别采用冲击锤锤击成孔、旋挖干钻成孔和旋挖泥浆护壁成孔三种方法进行施工,对三种方法的成孔质量进行分析对比。研究结果表明:在硅藻土地区施工灌注桩,旋挖干钻成孔工艺施工速度较快,效率高,桩长、桩径、桩位偏差和垂直度均能满足设计要求,成孔后孔壁稳定性好,成孔质量更为可靠;冲击锤法成孔,成孔速度较慢,且存在桩孔扩径现象;旋挖泥浆护壁法成孔后平稳性较差,波动性较大,且存在局部塌孔现象,成孔效果较差。因此建议硅藻土地段优先考虑采用旋挖干钻法施工桥梁灌注桩。     

Metal removal with two biochars made from municipal organic waste: adsorptive characterization and surface complexation modeling

The adsorptive characteristics of biochar produced from garden green waste (S-char) and a mixture of food waste and garden green waste (FS-char) were investigated. Adsorption of Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, and Mn²⁺ onto the two biochars reached equilibrium within 48 hours. The metal adsorption was effectively described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Freundlich isotherm models which suggest heterogeneous chemisorption. The initial solution pH influenced adsorption of Zn²⁺ and Mn²⁺ but not of Cu²⁺. Simulation via a surface complexation model showed that the fraction of XOCu⁺ adsorbed onto biochar was increased with increasing pH until it reached the adsorption maximum at pH 8.5, while the endpoint for the maximum of XOMn⁺ was higher than pH 12.     

Essential and nonessential elements in the red-crowned crane Grus japonensis of Zhalong Wetland,northeastern China

The concentrations of four essential (Ca, Mg, Zn, and Cu) and two nonessential elements (Pb and Cd) in feathers and kidneys, livers, gut walls, and muscles of eight carcasses of migratory red-crowned cranes (Grus japonensis) from Zhalong Wetland, northeastern China, were examined. The concentrations of Cd in the feathers were between 0.4 mg kg^?1 dry weight (dw) and 3.1 mg kg^?1 dw, in the livers between 0.4 and 4.4 mg kg^?1 dw, the maximum of which exceeded a level considered to be environmental exposure risk (i.e., 3 mg kg^?1 dw in the liver or kidney). High Pb levels (0.4–3.2 mg kg^?1 dw, with an average of 1.8 mg kg^?1) were also detected in livers, which exceeded a level considered toxicosis in birds (1.7 mg kg^?1 dw). Pb and Cd had the highest scores in principal component analysis. Relatively high Pb and Cd concentrations in the migratory cranes were thought to be associated with their habitat and prey.     

Polychlorinated dibenzo p-dioxins and dibenzofurans emissions in a primary copper smelter in China

Metallurgical production is the largest polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) emission source in China. However, PCDD/F monitoring and research are rarely conducted on primary metallurgical production. In this study, a demonstration primary copper smelter in China was selected to investigate PCDD/F characteristics and control. Samples were collected from major PCDD/F release points in the smelter process (fly ashes and waste water sludge). Specific analysis of PCDD/F congeners was carried out using a high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry method. The results showed that PCDD/Fs might be unintentionally produced in the primary copper smelter processes, with sample concentrations of 180–6110 pg/g dry wt; highly chlorinated PCDD/F homologues were predominant. The toxicity of all the samples was calculated to be 120 pg WHO TEQ/g, fly ashes from the refining process furnaces air pollution control device and sludge were hazardous waste with higher PCDD/F toxicity. Both precursor formation and de novo synthesis were found to contribute to PCDD/F formation in the smelter process. PCDD/F characteristics and formation were compared with reported secondary copper smelters. Life-cycle control of PCDD/F was proposed for retrofitting of this smelter and for similar plants in China's primary copper production sector, including control at the PCDD/F formation, removal and disposal stages.     

土著细菌对江汉平原浅层含水层沉积物中砷迁移的影响

对江汉平原水文地质调查发现,该地区地下水砷含量已远超国家饮用水标准。以沉积物培养的土著细菌混合液为生物材料,以江汉平原高砷含水层沉积物为研究对象,在实验室内模拟地下水系统,研究厌氧环境条件下,不同生物量土著细菌和pH值对沉积物中砷迁移转化的影响,以及土著细菌活动下砷在不同沉积物中的迁移转化。结果表明,不同生物量菌悬液都能促进沉积物中As的释放,增加总As和As(III)的浓度,但150mL处理组,在研究后期,总As和As(III)的浓度呈现减缓趋势;在初始生物量一定的条件下,沉积物中As含量越高,细菌活动下总As相对释出量就越低,而且As(III)占所释出总As的比值就越高,但两个高砷含量沉积物组的差异较小;在初始pH值为5、7和9的培养条件下,细菌都能加速砷的迁移,但pH值为5的处理组(简称pH5处理组)最弱,在前8天,pH9处理组较pH7处理组的低,随后超过pH7处理组。研究表明,土著细菌悬液能加速As从沉积物中释出,并且释出的As以As(III)为主;在耐受的弱碱性环境条件下,细菌对砷的迁移和转化随环境的pH值增加而增强。     

利用改进的SOS/umu方法检测水处理过程中污染物的遗传毒性效应

SOS/umu遗传毒性测试方法被广泛应用于化合物和复杂混合物遗传毒性的评价,但是目前已报道方法的实验周期长达17 h,给实验操作带来了不便,因此亟需对常规方法进行改进。建立了测试周期可小于8 h(2 h预培养,4.5 h暴露培养) 的SOS/umu快速测定方法之后,应用改进后的方法对5种典型遗传毒性物质, 4-硝基喹啉1-氧化物(4-NQO)、丝裂霉素C(MMC)、甲磺酸甲酯(MMS)、2-氨基蒽(2-AA)和苯并芘(BaP)进行测定,结果表明,改进后的SOS/umu方法对4-NQO、MMC、MMS、2-AA和BaP的检测限分别为0.013±0.0031、0.031±0.0028、229.18±60.51、2.29±1.22和1.28±0.0698 μmol·L^-1,优于或者相当于报道方法。采用经典方法和改进后的方法对全国两个地区6个环境水样的遗传毒性进行测定,结果表明,两种方法检测出的6个环境水样的遗传毒性强度无显著性差异。另外,将研究方法应用于北方某市甲乙两个水厂原水、出厂水和管网水的遗传毒性评价,结果表明,两个水厂的原水、出厂水和管网水均表现出一定的直接遗传毒性,对应的4-NQO当量浓度(TEQ4-NQO)在0.0012 μg·L^-1至0.0129 μg·L^-1之间;加入鼠肝微粒体酶系统(S9)后,仅有乙水厂的管网水检测出极其微弱的遗传毒性效应。以上研究结果表明,改进后的SOS/umu快速测定方法能够实现在短时间（8h）内完成环境化合物及环境样品的遗传毒性检测,为筛选和评价化合物和复杂环境样品的遗传毒性提供了更为快捷的手段。     

2012年上半年我国南方地区极端阴雨天气评价——以湖南省为例

基于湖南省97个地面气象观测站观测资料,根据所选定的阴雨天气评价指标,运用数理统计方法,对2012年上半年湖南省阴雨天气特征及强度进行分析评估,结果表明,阴雨天气阶段性特征显著,属隆冬至初春历史罕见的寡照低温多雨事件与初春至初夏的极端多雨寡照事件的组合。同时根据社会调查数据对阴雨天气的影响展开多方位分析,得出低温阴雨天气不仅对农业造成了重大影响,而且对水利、交通、建筑业等多行业和人们身体健康也有较大影响,以此提出了应对极端天气气候事件的对策建议。     

Fluent软件在地表水源热泵系统温排水数值模拟中的运用

运用Fluent软件对重庆市嘉陵江化龙桥段瑞安新天地江水水源热泵系统尾水排入受纳水域的过程进行二维数值模拟,选取Fluent中非耦合、隐式求解器对模型内的定常流动进行求解,得出受纳水域受水源热泵系统温排水影响后的温升面积和温度梯度。结果表明:在温排水流量为2.0×103 m3/h、温差为4℃的条件下,计算该水域沿水流方向温升超过1℃的最大影响距离为150.4 m,温升超过1℃的水域面积约为1 525 m2,为模拟江水面积的8.59%。选取1℃温升值作为温升带的边界控制值,并在热泵系统最大负荷工况下,根据W=Q×ΔT计算研究水域热环境容量为19.402 m3.℃/s,剩余热环境容量为17.736 m3.℃/s。根据地表水环境质量标准,该工程温排水量小于受纳水域的热承载力,不会对受纳水域生态环境造成热污染。