Management of packaging waste in Poland--development agenda and accession to the EU.

In recent years the issue of the municipal waste in Poland has become increasingly topical, with a considerable rise in the waste generation, much of which can be attributed to a boom in product packaging (mainly plastic). The annual production of plastics packaging has been constantly increasing over the last 20 to 30 years, and now exceeds 3.7 million tons. Due to a lack of processing technologies and poorly developed selective segregation system, packaging waste is still treated as a part of the municipal solid waste (MSW) stream, most of which is landfilled. As a result of Poland's access to the European Union, previous legal regulations governing municipal waste management have been harmonized with those binding on the member countries. One of the main changes, the most revolutionary one, is to make entrepreneurs liable for environmental risks resulting from the introduction of packaging to the market, and for its recycling. In practice, all entrepreneurs are to ensure recovery, and recycling, of used packaging from products introduced to the market at the required level. In recent year, the required recycling levels were fulfilled for all types of materials but mainly by large institutions using grouped and transport packaging waste for that matter. Household packaging gathered in the selective segregation system at the municipalities was practically left alone. This paper is an attempt to describe the system and assess the first year of functioning of the new, revamped system of packaging waste management in Poland. Recommendations are made relating to those features that need to be included in packaging waste management systems in order to maximize their sustainability and harmonization with the EU legal system.     

论人口-资源-环境-灾害恶性循环的严重性与减灾工作的新阶段

人口、资源、环境、灾害.这是当今世界考虑人类的生存与发展的四大基本问题,目前均已发出“黄牌警告”.抑制社会与自然向恶性循环方向发展,需唤起全人类的觉醒和国家领导更高的责任感:保护环境和防御大灾.需组织国际交流与协作:协词社会的发展与生存.需促使环保减灾工作纳入发展规划;提高环保减灾的效能.需推动其内部机制走向综合化和社会化,这是90年代国际和国内共同奋斗的目标. 我国是四大基本问题最为严重的少数国家之一,本文列述了有关的一些重要资料,以求在严酷的四大“黄牌”的总况面前.激起社会更广泛的觉醒和行动.最后,简述了对减灾工作的一些设想.     

Cooperative analysis of infrastructure perfection and residents’ living standards in poverty-stricken counties in Qinghai Province

Environment, Development and Sustainability - The western region of China has always been the main battlefield for poverty alleviation. It is essential to explore the interaction mechanism between...     

短芽孢杆菌(Bacillus breuis)J_(74)降解萘和靛蓝形成的研究

芳香族化合物是用途广泛的化学制品,主要来源于煤和石油,其结构不仅稳定,而且具有很大的毒性,因此研究它们的微生物降解一直受到人们的关注.一些芳香族化合物降解菌,具有氧化吲哚形成靛蓝的能力.靛蓝是一种染料,主要是化学合成.微生物产     

甘肃河西保护地水热资源及其在栽培中的再利用研究

通过试验，用气候学原理，对保护地内水热资源的再利用作了系统分析，定量得出再利用资源值后，将其结果应用到瓜菜生产中，得出当地瓜菜生产的适播期和部分热量指标，为保护地设计提供了理论依据。     

HPLC-UVD/FLD测定海洋环境样品中PAHs的研究

建立了ＨＰＬＣ－ＵＶＤ／ＦＬＤ测定海洋环境样品中ＰＡＨｓ的分析方法，探讨了紫外可变波长，荧光激发／发射波长，梯度斜率对ＰＡＨｓ响应因子和分离度的影响，得出了仪器的重复性，线性区间，检出限以及不同层析柱的回收率，测定了沉积物和贻贝样品中的ＰＡＨｓ。结果表明，方法的精密度和准确度是令人满意的。     

浅述黄土高原地区露天煤矿废弃地的复垦种植

根据近几年对黄土高原地区安太堡露天煤矿废弃土地复垦的系统研究,事实证明新垦土地可超越原有土地生产力及经济效益开发的可行性。认为本地区露天煤矿废弃土地的复垦战略目标应是:借助开矿土地再造的机会,通过科学设计、系统规划,实行大规模地营造农林可利用状态的土地,未来开辟为适宜现代集约经营农林基地;露天煤矿的土地复垦,同时亦应受到社会各方的关注,可在超越矿区范围之外筑坝造田,建设蓄水库等各项工程造福于社会。     

Kinetics of hydrogen peroxide-sulfur (IV) reaction in atmospheric precipitation

The kinetics of the reaction of dissolved S(IV) with H2O2 was studied on 59 precipitation samples collected in Southwestern China, during the period of June 1988 to October 1989, from which the oxidation rates of the reaction were measured. The extent of reaction was followed by continuous amperometric measurement of the concentrations of the reagents. The two systems (i. e. rainwater and purified water) have been studied with the same methodology under identical reaction conditions (e. g. reagent concentrations, ionic strength and temperature). The kinetics was studied in no buffer solutions. The effect of formaldehyde on the reaction has also been studied, including kinetic studies in laboratory and model calculations, and it is indicated that formaldehyde with typical atmospheric concentration exerts no influence on the reaction of dissolved S(IV) with H2O2. In addition, the activation energy of the reaction was also measured in purified water as reaction medium for temperature range 0-50℃ at pH 4.0     

K/T界面冲击层的岩石矿物特征及其对论证地外撞击事件的意义

分布在世界各地的K／T界面剖面，尽管形成环境各异，但彼此之间的岩石矿物特征却有许多共同之处。对于大多数剖面来说，界面粘土层的底都普遍存在着一个结构特别的冲击层。冲击层的厚度在全球的分布并不均匀，北美和加勒比海地区可达2～50cm，而其它地区则只有几厘米。冲击层的厚度可能反映了距离撞击坑的远近。详细的岩石与矿物学研究结果表明，在北美和加勒比海地区冲击层实际上具有双层结构特征。上面的一层称为火球层，除了富集Ir和其它地外指示元素外，还含有大量的烟灰和富Ni镁铁尖晶石。下面的溅射层则含有大量的冲击玻璃球粒（玻璃陨石）和冲击变质矿物。K／T界面冲击层的发现为Ir异常的地外撞击成因解释提供了更为直接的物理证据。     

银—氧化镉的清洁生产工艺

采用“粉未冶金法”生产Ａｇ—ＣｄＯ。该方法工艺简单，生产周期短，生产效率高。在整个生产工艺过程中，采用密闭型的设备操作，控制生产工艺过程中氧化粉尘逸出，研究出了Ａｇ—ＣｄＯ无（微）公害生产工艺。经监测，氧化镉浓度达到国家《工业企业设计卫生标准》（ＴＪ３６—７９）的要求。