Degradation and Pathway of Tetracycline Hydrochloride in Aqueous Solution by Potassium Ferrate

In the context of water treatment, the ferrate ([FeO(4)](2-)) ion has long been known for its strong oxidizing power and for producing a coagulant from its reduced form [i.e., Fe(III)]. However, it has not been widely applied in water treatment, because of preparation difficulties and high cost. This article describes a low-cost procedure for producing solid potassium ferrate. In this synthetic procedure, NaClO was used in place of chlorine generation; and 10?M KOH was used in place of saturated KOH in the previous procedures. In addition, this study investigated the reactions of potassium ferrate with tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) at different pH and molar ratios. Results showed that the optimal pH range for TC degradation was pH 9-10, and TC could be mostly removed by Fe(VI) in 60?s. However, results showed >70% of TC degraded and <15% of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) reduction at molar ratio of 1:20. The main degradation pathway of TC is proposed based on the experimental data.     

Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) in surface soil from a background area in China: occurrence, distribution, and congener profiles

Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are extremely complex technical mixtures of polychlorinated n-alkanes with carbon chain lengths from C₁₀ to C₁₃ and chlorine content between 49 and 70 %. SCCPs are under consideration for inclusion in the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants. SCCPs have been used extensively in industrial production, but little is known about the pollution level in soil environment in China. In this study, levels and distribution of SCCPs in soil samples from Chongming Island were analyzed. Concentrations of total SCCPs in soil samples ranged from 0.42 to 420 ng?g^?1, with a median of 9.6 ng?g^?1. The ubiquitous occurrence of SCCPs in Chongming Island implied that long-range atmospheric transport and soil–air exchange may be the most important pathways for SCCP contamination in the background area. The localized SCCP contamination could be derived from an unidentified source. Hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that C₁₃- and C₁₁-congeners were predominant in most soils and C₁₀- and C₁₂-congeners dominated in the remaining soils. Cl₇- and Cl₈-congeners were on the average the most dominant chlorine congeners in nearly all soils. Principal component analysis suggested that the separation of even and odd carbon chain congeners occurred during long-range atmospheric transport and aging in soil in the study area.     

滚筒式生物反应器的设计及应力分析

针对城市生活垃圾好氧堆肥的处理工艺,设计一种用于好氧堆肥的滚筒式生物反应器。滚筒式生物反应器的设计主要包括主体结构设计,及反应器主体结构强度模拟分析。应用赫兹接触理论对支承装置中滚圈与托轮之间的接触应力进行计算。同时,结合ANSYS中不分离的接触方式模拟分析支承装置的接触应力,得出支承装置接触应力的分布规律,并将理论计算结果与ANSYS模拟结果进行对比。     

Determination of Motor Vehicle Profiles for Non-Methane Organic Compounds in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area

ABSTRACT

Non-methane organic compound (NMOC) profiles for on-road motor vehicle emissions were measured in a downtown tunnel and parking garages in Mexico City during 1996. Hydrocarbon samples from the tunnel and ambient air samples (C2-C12) were collected using stainless steel canisters, and carbonyl compounds were collected using 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) impregnated cartridges. Canister samples were analyzed by gas chromatog-raphy/flame ionization detection (GC/FID) to ascertain detailed hydrocarbon composition. DNPH samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). NMOC source profiles were quantified for evaporative emissions from refueling, cold start, and hot soak, and on-road operating conditions. The ultimate purpose will be to determine the apportionment of ambient NMOC concentrations using the Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) model. The tunnel profile contained 42.3 ppbC% of alkanes, 20.6 ppbC% of unsaturated compounds, and 22.4 ppbC% of aromatics. The most abundant species were acetylene with 7.22 ppbC%, followed by ipentane with 5.69 ppbC%, and toluene with 5.42 ppbC%. These results were compared with those from studies in the United States. The cold start profile was found to be similar to the tunnel profile, although there were differences in the content of acetylene, isopentane, and oxygenates. The abundance of saturated NMOC in the hot soak profile was similar to gasoline head space profiles; it was also much larger than saturated NMOC in the roadway profile.     

Removal of NOx from Flue Gas with Iron Filings Reduction Following Complex Absorption in Ferrous Chelates Aqueous Solutions

Abstract

A novel process for removal of nitrogen oxides (NO_x) from flue gases with iron filings reduction following complex absorption in iron-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid aqueous solution is proposed. The reaction mechanism involved in the process is discussed briefly. The parameters influencing the process, including the concentration of ferrous chelates, initial pH, amount of iron filings, temperature, flow rate of the flue gas, and inlet nitric oxide concentration and oxygen content of the flue gas, are researched in detail. The optimal NO_x removal conditions are established. The regeneration and circular utilization of the absorption solution also is studied.     

Gridded inventories of historical usage for selected organochlorine pesticides in Gansu Province, China

HCHs and DDTs were banned in 1983 in China; however, they are still remaining in various environmental media. Since endosulfan was introduced in China in 1994, it is widely used in agriculture. In this study, temporal and spatial uses of endosulfan, HCHs, and DDTs in Gansu province of China have been presented. It is estimated that the total usage is 701 tons for endosulfan between 1994 and 2007, 1,712 tons for HCHs between 1952 and 1983, and 462 tons for DDTs between 1951 and 1983, respectively. Endosulfan usage increased dramatically in 1998 due to its application on other crops except on cotton. The HCH and DDT usage displayed a rapid increase after 1972, reaching the peak in 1976 and in 1975, respectively; since then, they declined until being banned in 1983. The gridded usage inventories of these three kinds of organochlorine pesticides in Gansu province, with a 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution, have been created by using different crops for endosulfan and the area of dry farmland for HCHs and DDTs as surrogate data. The most intensive use was in northwestern regions for endosulfan and southeastern regions for HCHs and DDTs in Gansu province.     

The effects of Herba Andrographitis hedgerows on soil erodibility and fractal features on sloping cropland in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

To evaluate if hedgerows could improve the soil physicochemical properties and enhance the soil anti-scouring and anti-shearing capabilities, the effects of Herba Andrographitis hedgerows on soil erodibility and fractal features on sloping cropland in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area were investigated. Results showed that: (1) the clay particle accumulation around the hedgerows was significantly affected by the hedgerows; (2) the fractal dimension of soil particles was positively correlated with both silt and clay contents and had a negative linear correlation with sand content; (3) fine-grained content significantly influenced fractal dimension of the soil particles; (4) soil erodibility K was significantly and positively correlated with the sand content (correlation coefficient r?=?0.870), but significantly and negatively correlated with the silt content (r?=??0.538), clay content (r?=??0.739), organic carbon content (r?=??0.603), the aggregation degree (r?=??0.486), and soil fractal dimension (r?=??0.538); and (5) the contents of organic matter and clay particles in the soil were found to be the effective indicators for soil erodibility at the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. The hedgerows may improve soil fractal features and decrease soil erodibility. The effective distance between hedgerows on a slope of 10° was less than 6 m.     

高效石油烃降解菌SKD-1的分离、筛选及其降解性能

从孤岛油田石油污染土壤中分离到一株高效石油降解菌,命名为SKD-1。该菌株菌落表面湿润光滑、边缘整齐、圆形、不透明、乳黄色,能够利用葡萄糖和淀粉作为其生长的碳源和能源,其最适生长环境为碱性（pH8-10）,在分别以正十六烷烃和原油为惟一碳源,温度为30℃,摇床（180r／min）培养的条件下,菌株SKD-1的降解率分别为66．1％和36．9％。16SrRNA基因序列分析表明,菌株SKD-1与不动杆菌AcinetobactercalcoaceticusSY-1同源性达99％。结合菌株SKD．1菌落形态、理化性质以及系统发育分析,可以鉴定菌株SKD-1属于不动杆菌属（Acinetobactersp．）,序列登录号为AB774229。     

一株高效MC—RR降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性

为了得到一株具有降解微囊藻毒素一RR（MC—RR）特性的产芽孢菌株,采用加热富集芽孢菌的方法,从太湖分离到一株MC．RR降解菌CMl,该菌对MC—RR具有强烈的降解特性。通过形态学特征、生理生化特征及16SrDNA序列分析鉴定该菌株属于耐硼赖氨酸芽孢杆菌（Lysinibacillusb oronitolerans）。通过研究温度和pH值对菌株CMl降解MC—RR能力的影响,发现菌株CMl在60h将MC—RR由12．77μg／mL降解到1．67μg／mL,降解率达86．90％,最适降解温度为37℃,最适pH值为7．0。CMl菌株的胞外物质和胞内物质均能降解MC—RR,但胞内物质具有更强烈的降解特性,12h可以将7．27μg／mL的MC-RR完全降解。为丰富MC-RR降解菌纯菌种研究以及在去除水体中MC—RR应用研究方面提供了理论基础。     

磁性纳米吸附剂Fe3O4·ZrO(OH)2的合成及对水中氟和砷的吸附性能

用共沉淀法将ZrOCl2·8H2O包裹在磁性纳米Fe3O4表面,合成了一种针对高浓度含砷含氟废水的高效新型磁性纳米吸附剂Fe3O4·ZrO(OH)2.研究考察了吸附剂对氟和砷的吸附容量、反应平衡时间以及pH对吸附效果的影响.实验表明,磁性纳米Fe3O4·ZrO(OH)2吸附剂对水中F-和As(Ⅲ/Ⅴ)等温吸附模型符合Langmuir和Freundlich模型.对溶液中总氟和总砷的吸附容量分别可达70.42 mg/g和133.33 mg/g.通过拟二级动力学方程可得知吸附过程在20 min左右即可达到平衡.随着pH的不断增加,吸附剂对氟的吸附容量逐渐降低,而对砷的吸附量则是先增加后减少.