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81.
Ueno D Inoue S Takahashi S Ikeda K Tanaka H Subramanian AN Fillmann G Lam PK Zheng J Muchtar M Prudente M Chung K Tanabe S 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2004,127(1):1-12
Butyltin compounds (BTs) including mono- (MBT), di- (DBT), tri-butyltin (TBT) and total tin (sigmaSn), were determined in the liver of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) collected from Asian offshore waters (off-Japan, the Japan Sea, off-Taiwan, the East China Sea, the South China Sea, off-Philippines, off-Indonesia, the Bay of Bengal), off-Seychelles, off-Brazil and open seas (the North Pacific). BTs were detected in all the skipjack tuna collected, suggesting widespread contamination of BTs even in offshore waters and open seas on a global scale. Considering specific accumulation, Sex-, body length- differences and migration of skipjack tuna did not seem to affect BT concentrations, indicating rapid reflection of the pollution levels in seawater where and when they were collected. Skipjack tuna is a suitable bioindicator for monitoring the global distribution of BTs in offshore waters and open seas. High concentrations of BTs were observed in skipjack tuna from offshore waters around Japan, a highly developed and industrialized region (up to 400 ng/g wet weight). Moreover skipjack tuna collected from offshore waters around Asian developing countries also revealed the levels comparable to those in Japan (up to 270 ng/g wet weight) which may be due to the recent improvement in economic status in Asian developing countries. High percentages (almost 90%) of BTs in total tin (sigmaSn: sum of inorganic tin+organic tin) were found in the liver of skipjack tuna from offshore waters around Asian developing countries. This finding suggests that the anthropogenic BTs represent the major source of Sn accumulation in skipjack tuna from these regions. 相似文献
82.
We studied the laxative effect of sweetening agents, hydrogenated glucose syrup (HGS) containing 88–92% maltitol, and sorbitol contained in various foods. The subjects were 89 volunteers (64 males and 25 females). Foods used in the study were tablets, bevarages, chewing gum, jelly, adzuki-bean jelly, chocolate and candies which contained one of the two sweetening agents.The doses of the sweetening agents were 0.4 g/kg for sweets in tablet form and 20 g for the other foods. Approximately 10% of the subjects exhibited diarrhea after taking tablets as a control; approximately 20% did so after taking HGS except for adzuki-bean jelly; and approximately 30% did so after taking sorbitol. There was no significant difference between HGS and the control substance. The incidence of diarrhea tended to be higher with the two sweetening agents only when contained in adzuki-bean jelly. The length of time between the ingestion of test substances and the first onset of diarrheal stool varied widely from less than one hour to 23 hours among individuals. However, adzuki-bean jelly diarrhea was induced within 5 hours in all subjects. Soft stool accounted for 60 – 90% of the macroscopic findings of diarrheal stool. Chief complaints of abdominal symptoms were gurgling, flatus and lower abdominal pain. 相似文献
83.
Carbon Sequestration by Carbonization of Biomass and Forestation: Three Case Studies 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Makoto Ogawa Yasuyuki Okimori Fumio Takahashi 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2006,11(2):421-436
We proposed the carbon sink project called “Carbon Sequestration by Forestation and Carbonization (CFC),” which involves biomass
utilization and land conservation by incorporating the products of biomass carbonization into the agents for soil improvement,
water purification, etc. Our purpose was to demonstrate the potential of the CFC scheme for carbon sequestration, particularly
carbon storage in soil. Case studies were conducted in both developing and developed countries. 1. In southern Sumatra, Indonesia,
88,369 Mg-C year−1 of wood residue from a plantation forest and excess bark from a pulp mill would be converted into 15,571 Mg-C year−1 of the net carbon sink by biochar for soil improvement. The fixed carbon recovery of the system is 21.0%. 2. In a semiarid
region in western Australia, the carbonization of wood residue was incorporated with multipurpose projects of a mallee eucalyptus
plantation that involved the function of salinity prevention. During the project period of 35 years, the total carbon sink
would reach 1,035,450 Mg-C with 14.0% by aboveground biomass, 33.1% by belowground biomass and 52.8% by biochar in soil. 3.
In southern Kyushu, Japan, the study was focused on the effective use of surplus heat from a garbage incinerator for carbonizing
woody materials. Sawdust of 936.0 Mg-C year−1 would be converted into the net carbon sink of 298.5 Mg-C year−1 by carbonization, with the fixed carbon recovery of the system being 31.9%. Consequently, the CFC project could encourage
the creation of a carbon sink in soil. However, we recognize that the quality standard of biochar, the stability of biochar
in soil, and the methods for monitoring biochar utilization must be clarified before incorporating biochar carbon into the
carbon credit system.
Throughout this article (except for diagrams and in citation details) carbonized biomass is, with the authors'agreement, called
‘biochar’ in lieu of the commonly used but misleading word ‘charcoal’ (Editor). 相似文献
84.
Shu Saeki Junya Kano Fumio Saito Kaoru Shimme Seiichi Masuda Tsuyoshi Inoue 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2001,3(1):20-23
Polyvinyl chloride (–CH2–CHCl–)
n
(PVC) was ground with a powdered inorganic material (CaO, CaCO3, SiO2, Al2O3, or slag) in a planetary ball mill under atmospheric conditions to investigate the effect of additions on its dechlorination.
The grinding causes a dehydrochlorinating reaction, forming a mixture of partially dechlorinated PVC and inorganic chloride,
depending on the grinding time. The dechlorination increases as the grinding progresses, and is improved with increasing amounts
of additives. The most effective additive is a mixture of CaO, SiO2, and Al2O3, which has the same constituent components as blast furnace slag. CaO, a mixture of CaO, SiO2, and blast furnace slag, are also effective, but CaCO3 is the least effective additive tired.
Received: August 3, 2000 / Accepted: September 21, 2000 相似文献
85.
Inoue MH Oliveira RS Regitano JB Tormena CA Constantin J Tornisielo VL 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2004,39(4):589-601
Sorption kinetics of atrazine and diuron was evaluated in soil samples from a typical landscape in Paraná. Samples were collected (0-20 cm) in a no-tillage area from Mamborê, PR, which has been cultivated under a crop rotation for the last six years. Six sampling points of the slope were selected to represent a wide range of soil chemical and physical properties found in this area. Radiolabeled tracers (14C-atrazine and 14C-diuron) were used and the radioactivity was detected by liquid scintillation counting (LSC). Sorption was accomplished for increasing equilibration periods (0.5, 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h). Kinetics data fitted adequately well to Elovich equation, providing evidences that soil reaction occurs in two distinct stages: a fast, initial one followed by a slower one. During the fast phase, 34-42 and 71-79% of total atrazine and diuron applied were sorbed to soil samples. No important differences were found among combinations of soil and herbicide sorption during the slow phase. The unrealistic conditions under batch experiments should be overestimating sorption in the fast phase and underestimating diffusion in the slow phase. Sorption of both herbicides was positively correlated to organic carbon and clay contents of soils, but atrazine was much less sorbed than diuron, showing its higher potential to contaminate groundwater, specially in sandy, low organic carbon soils. 相似文献
86.
Hano T Oshima Y Kim SG Satone H Oba Y Kitano T Inoue S Shimasaki Y Honjo T 《Chemosphere》2007,69(6):927-933
We examined the effects of tributyltin (TBT) on embryonic development, hatching success and sexual differentiation in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). Embryos (within 8h after fertilization) were exposed to TBT in ovo via nanoinjection at concentrations of 0 (control), 0.16, 0.80, 3.96, 19.2 and 82.1 ng/egg. Embryonic survival, development and hatching were observed. Hatched fry were reared until 60 days when they sexually matured, and sexual differentiation was also examined by accordance of genetic and phenotypic sex, based on existence of DMY (a male determining gene in medaka) and secondary sex characteristics. As results, TBT caused a concentration-dependent mortality and impaired the embryonic development. However, no masculinization was detected at 60 dph medaka adults. Lowest observed effective concentration for inducing abnormal embryonic development was estimated to 0.16 ng/egg (ca. 160 ng/g egg). 相似文献
87.
Decolorization of oxygen-delignified bleaching effluent (abbreviated as OBE) and biobleaching of oxygen-delignified kraft pulp (OKP) were conducted using a non-white rot fungus Geotrichum candidum Dec 1 (abbreviated as Dec 1) which has ability to decolorize various synthetic dyes and molasses. Dec 1 decolorized up to 77% of OBE for 6 days. In addition, Dec 1 increased the brightness of OKP from 47.8% to 51.2% and decreased the kappa value of OKP from 12.4 to 10.4 points during a 6-day incubation period at a 25% of pulpconcentration. At 2% pulp-concentration, the brightness of OKP increased by 13% and the kappa value of OKP decreased by 4 points only for a 3-day incubation period. When the decolorized OBE was used for bleaching of OKP, the brightness of OKP increased to 62.7% under the shaking culture to a 2% pulp-concentration using culture fluid of decolorized OBE. It was revealed that Dec 1 is a potential to apply for decolorization of wastewater and biobleaching of pulp in paper-mills. 相似文献
88.
Inoue MH Oliveira RS Regitano JB Tormena CA Constantin J Tornisielo VL 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2006,41(5):605-621
The objective of this study was to investigate the behavior of sorption and desorption of the herbicides atrazine (6-chloro-N2-ethyl-N4-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) and diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyleurea] in soil samples from a typical lithosequence located in the municipality of Mamborê (PR), southern Brazil. Five concentrations of 14C-atrazine and 14C-diuron were used for both herbicides (0.48, 0.96, 1.92, 3.84, and 7.69 mg L(-1)). Sorption of both herbicides correlated positively with the organic carbon and clay content of the soil samples. Sorption isotherms were well described by the Freundlich model. The slope values of the isotherm (N) ranged from 0.84 to 0.90 (atrazine) and from 0.75 to 0.79 (diuron) for the lithosequence samples. Sorption of diuron was high regardless of the soil texture or the concentration added. The desorption isotherms for atrazine and diuron showed good fit to the Freundlich equation (R2 >or= 0,87). Atrazine slope values for the desorption isotherms were similar for the different concentrations and were much lower than those observed for the sorption isotherms. Significant hysteresis was observed in the herbicide desorption. When the two herbicides were compared, it was found that diuron (N = 0.06-0.22) presented more pronounced hysteresis than atrazine. The results showed that, quantitatively, a greater atrazine fraction applied to these soils remains available to be leached in the soil profile, as compared to diuron. 相似文献
89.
Polychlorodibenzothiophenes (PCDTs) are sulfur analogues of polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDFs) and have been detected in environmental samples. We used density functional theory calculations (Gaussian 98W) to predict the photodechlorination pathways of octachlorodibenzothiophene (OCDT) and octachlorodibenzofuran (OCDF) in hexane, and we compared the predicted pathways with those observed during UV irradiation experiments. OCDT and OCDF were observed to degrade through first-order dechlorination processes, and the rate constant for OCDT was less than one-third that for OCDF. The main experimental photodechlorination pathways of OCDT and OCDF led to hexachlorinated and tetrachlorinated congeners, respectively; that is, the photodechlorination pathway of OCDT differed from that of OCDF. On the assumption that the dechlorination mechanisms involved radical reactions, we used DFT calculations to estimate bond-dissociation energies and single-point energies of OCDT and OCDF and their dechlorinated congeners, and we used the resulting information, along with hypotheses regarding the rate-controlling step of the degradations, to predict theoretical degradation pathways. We propose that reaction of dechlorinated radicals with a hydrogen donor was the rate-controlling step for OCDT and that C-Cl bond dissociation by UV light was the rate-controlling step for OCDF. 相似文献
90.
Koji Inoue Hiroshi Okano Yukihiko Yamagat Katsunori Muraok Yasutake Teraoka 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2011,23(1):139-144
The adsorption/plasma decomposition with the combination of adsorption honeycomb-sheets and a plasma element is a new
technology for small-sized apparatuses to decompose volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at concentrations lower than about 100 ppm.
The feasibility of the prototype adsorption/plasma decomposition apparatus was evaluated with the simulated exhausts containing one
VOC component and with real exhausts from a painting booth and an adhesion factory. The apparatus decomposed VOCs e ectively at
the painting booth exhaust but not always satisfactorily at the adhesion factory exhaust. The performance test results with real exhausts
were discussed with respect to the concentration and discharge pattern of the exhausts and the basic properties of the system such as
cooperation of adsorption and plasma reaction and the concentration dependence of the performance. 相似文献