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181.
Armitage JM Cousins IT Hauck M Harbers JV Huijbregts MA 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2007,9(6):572-581
Multimedia environmental fate models are commonly-applied tools for assessing the fate and distribution of contaminants in the environment. Owing to the large number of chemicals in use and the paucity of monitoring data, such models are often adopted as part of decision-support systems for chemical risk assessment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of three multimedia environmental fate models (spatially- and non-spatially-explicit) at a European scale. The assessment was conducted for four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and compared predicted and median observed concentrations using monitoring data collected for air, water, sediments and soils. Model performance in the air compartment was reasonable for all models included in the evaluation exercise as predicted concentrations were typically within a factor of 3 of the median observed concentrations. Furthermore, there was good correspondence between predictions and observations in regions that had elevated median observed concentrations for both spatially-explicit models. On the other hand, all three models consistently underestimated median observed concentrations in sediment and soil by 1-3 orders of magnitude. Although regions with elevated median observed concentrations in these environmental media were broadly identified by the spatially-explicit models, the magnitude of the discrepancy between predicted and median observed concentrations is of concern in the context of chemical risk assessment. These results were discussed in terms of factors influencing model performance such as the steady-state assumption, inaccuracies in emission estimates and the representativeness of monitoring data. 相似文献
182.
Gerenutti M Gonçalves MM Rissato SR de Oliveira JM dos Santos Reigota MA Galhiane MS 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(7):4425-4433
This work presents a liquid disposal monitoring originated from uranium enrichment process at Aramar Experimental Center from 1990 to 1998. Assessment of uranium, fluorides, ammoniacal nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand, and pH measurements were made in water samples and compared with results achieved in other countries, as North America and India. The liquid disposal evaluation, generated by uranium enrichment process, showed low levels, considering most parameters established by Federal and State Legislation, aiming environmental pollution control. However, uranium levels were above the limits established by Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente, Environment Protection Agency and mainly by the World Health Organization. 相似文献
183.
184.
Sinikka Hinrichsen Regina Lohmayer Ricarda Zdrenka Elke Dopp Britta Planer-Friedrich 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(17):10151-10162
Arsenic, a common poison, is known to react with sulfide in vivo, forming thioarsenates. The acute toxicity of the inorganic thioarsenates is currently unknown. Our experiments showed that a fourfold sulfide excess reduced acute arsenite cytotoxicity in human hepatocytes (HepG2) and urothelial cells (UROtsa) significantly, but had little effect on arsenate toxicity. Speciation analysis showed immediate formation of thioarsenates (up to 73 % of total arsenic) in case of arsenite, but no speciation changes for arsenate. Testing acute toxicity of mono- and trithioarsenate individually, both thioarsenates were found to be more toxic than their structural analogue arsenate, but less toxic than arsenite. Toxicity increased with the number of thio groups. The amount of cellular arsenic uptake after 24 h corresponded to the order of toxicity of the four compounds tested. The dominant to almost exclusive intracellular arsenic species was arsenite. The results imply that thiolation is a detoxification process for arsenite in sulfidic milieus. The mechanism could either be that thioarsenates regulate the amount of free arsenite available for cellular uptake without entering the cells themselves, or, based on their chemical similarity to arsenate, they could be taken up by similar transporters and reduced rapidly intracellularly to arsenite. 相似文献
185.
Gerson Freitas Silva Valente Regina Célia Santos Mendonça José Antonio Marques Pereira Leonardo Bonato Felix 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(4):355-361
Iron electrodes were used for electrocoagulation (EC) treatment of wastewater from a dairy plant. Electrolysis time, pH, current density and distance between electrodes were considered to assess the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total solids (TS) and their fractions and turbidity. Samples were collected from the effluent of a dairy plant using a sampling methodology proportional to the flow. The treatments were applied according to design factorial of half fraction with two levels of treatments and three repetitions at the central point. The optimization of parameters for treating dairy industry effluent by electrocoagulation using iron electrodes showed that electric current application for 15 minutes, an initial sample pH close to neutral (pH 7.0) and a current density of 50 A . m?2 resulted in a significant reduction in COD by 58 %; removal of turbidity, suspended solids and volatile suspended solids by 95 %; and a final treated effluent pH of approximately 9.5. Negative consequences of the type of electrode used were the emergence of an undesirable color and an increase in the proportion of dissolved solids in the treated effluent. 相似文献
186.
Seong Suk Park Kathleen Kozawa Scott Fruin Steve Mara Ying-Kuang Hsu Chris Jakober 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(10):1046-1056
ABSTRACT Fuel-based emission factors for 143 light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGVs) and 93 heavy-duty diesel trucks (HDDTs) were measured in Wilmington, CA using a zero-emission mobile measurement platform (MMP). The frequency distributions of emission factors of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particle mass with aerodynamic diameter below 2.5 μm (PM2.5) varied widely, whereas the average of the individual vehicle emission factors were comparable to those reported in previous tunnel and remote sensing studies as well as the predictions by Emission Factors (EMFAC) 2007 mobile source emission model for Los Angeles County. Variation in emissions due to different driving modes (idle, low- and high-speed acceleration, low- and high-speed cruise) was found to be relatively small in comparison to intervehicle variability and did not appear to interfere with the identification of high emitters, defined as the vehicles whose emissions were more than 5 times the fleet-average values. Using this definition, approximately 5% of the LDGVs and HDDTs measured were high emitters. Among the 143 LDGVs, the average emission factors of NOx, black carbon (BC), PM2.5, and ultrafine particle (UFP) would be reduced by 34%, 39%, 44%, and 31%, respectively, by removing the highest 5% of emitting vehicles, whereas CO emission factor would be reduced by 50%. The emission distributions of the 93 HDDTs measured were even more skewed: approximately half of the NOx and CO fleet-average emission factors and more than 60% of PM2.5, UFP, and BC fleet-average emission factors would be reduced by eliminating the highest-emitting 5% HDDTs. Furthermore, high emissions of BC, PM2.5, and NOx tended to cluster among the same vehicles.
IMPLICATIONS This study presents the characterization of on-road vehicle emissions in Wilmington, CA, by sampling individual vehicle plumes. Approximately 5% of the vehicles were high emitters, whose emissions were more than 5 times the fleet-average values. These high emitters were responsible for 30% and more than 50% of the average emission factors of LDGVs and HDDVs, respectively. It is likely that as the overall fleet becomes cleaner due to more stringent regulations, a small fraction of the fleet may contribute a growing and disproportionate share of the overall emissions. Therefore, long-term changes in on-road emissions need to be monitored. 相似文献
187.
Vivian Farahte Giangiardi Sandra Regina Alouche Sandra Maria Sbeghen Ferreira de Freitas Raquel Simoni Pires 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2018,24(2):260-267
To investigate whether the specificities of real jobs create distinctions in the performance of workers in different motor tests for the upper limbs, 24 participants were divided into two groups according to their specific job: fine and repetitive tasks and general tasks. Both groups reproduced tasks related to aiming movements, handling and strength of the upper limbs. There were no significant differences between groups in the dexterity and performance of aiming movements. However, the general tasks group had higher grip strength than the repetitive tasks group, demonstrating differences according to job specificity. The results suggest that a particular motor skill in a specific job cannot improve performance in other tasks with the same motor requirements. The transfer of the fine and gross motor skills from previous experience in a job-specific task is the basis for allocating training and guidance to workers. 相似文献
188.
Alberto J. Nieto-Sanchez Mara Olivares-Marin Susana Garcia Covadonga Pevida Eduardo M. Cuerda-Correa 《Chemosphere》2013
In this work, a statistical experimental design is performed in order to prepare CaCO3 materials for use as CaO-based CO2 sorbent precursors. The influence of different operational parameters such as synthesis temperature (ST), stirring rate (SR) and surfactant percent (SP) on CO2 capture is studied by applying Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The samples were characterized using different analytical techniques including X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption isotherm analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy–X-ray Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). CO2 capture capacity was determined by means of a thermogravimetric analyzer which recorded the mass uptake of the samples when these were exposed to a gas stream containing diluted (15%) CO2. The statistical approach used in this work provides a rapid way of predicting and optimizing the main preparation variables of CaO-derived sorbents for CO2 sorption. The results obtained clearly indicate that four parameters statistically influence CO2 uptake: SR, the square of SR, its interaction with SP and the square of SP. 相似文献
189.
Rui de Abrantes João Vicente de Assunção Célia Regina Pesquero Roy Edward Bruns Raimundo Paiva Nóbrega 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(3):648-654
The exhaust emission of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) considered toxic to human health were investigated on two spark ignition light duty vehicles, one being gasohol (Gasohol, in Brazil, is the generic denomination for mixtures of pure gasoline plus 20–25% of anhydrous ethyl alcohol fuel (AEAF).)-fuelled and the other a flexible-fuel vehicle fuelled with hydrated ethanol. The influence of fuel type and quality, aged lubricant oil type and use of fuel additives on the formation of these compounds was tested using standardized tests identical to US FTP-75 cycle. PAH sampling and chemical analysis followed the basic recommendations of method TO-13 (United States. Environmental Protection Agency, 1999. Compendium Method TO-13A – Determination of polycyclic Aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in Ambient Air Using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (CG/MS). Center for environmental research information, Cincinnati, p. 78), with the necessary modification for this particular application.Results showed that the total PAH emission factor varied from 41.9 μg km?1 to 612 μg km?1 in the gasohol vehicle, and from 11.7 μg km?1 to 27.4 μg km?1 in the ethanol-fuelled vehicle, a significant difference in favor of the ethanol vehicle. Generally, emission of light molecular weight PAHs was predominant, while high molecular weights PAHs were not detected. In terms of benzo(a)pyrene toxicity equivalence, emission factors varied from 0.00984 μg TEQ km?1 to 4.61 μg TEQ km?1 for the gasohol vehicle and from 0.0117 μg TEQ km?1 to 0.0218 μg TEQ km?1 in the ethanol vehicle.For the gasohol vehicle, results showed that the use of fuel additive causes a significant increase in the emission of naphthalene and phenanthrene at a confidence level of 90% or higher; the use of rubber solvent on gasohol showed a reduction in the emission of naphthalene and phenanthrene at the same confidence level; the use of synthetic oil instead of mineral oil also contributed significantly to a decrease in the emission of naphthalene and fluorene. In relation to the ethanol vehicle, the same factors were tested and showed no statistically significant influence on PAH emission. 相似文献
190.
de Vasconcelos Vera Mônica de Morais Elís Regina Costa Faustino Samantha Joyce Bezerra Hernandez Maria Carolina Ramirez Gaudêncio Hiara Ruth da Silva Câmara de Melo Rafael Rodolfo Bessa Junior Ambrósio Paula 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(3):2600-2607
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Aquaculture is an activity with economic and social importance since it generates food, employment, and income. However, like other human activities,... 相似文献