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631.
Federico M. San Martini J. Jason West Benjamin de Foy Luisa T. Molina Mario J. Molina Gustavo Sosa 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(6):803-815
Abstract Based on data from the 1997 Investigación sobre Materia Particulada y Deterioro Atmosférico-Aerosol and Visibility Evaluation Research (IMADA-EVER) campaign and the inorganic aerosol model ISORROPIA, the response of inorganic aerosols to changes in precursor concentrations was calculated. The aerosol behavior is dominated by the abundance of ammonia and thus, changes in ammonia concentration are expected to have a small effect on particle concentrations. Changes in sulfate and nitrate are expected to lead to proportional reductions in inorganic fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Comparing the predictions of ISORROPIA with the observations, the lowest bias and error are achieved when the aerosols are assumed to be in the efflorescence branch. Including crustal species reduces the bias and error for nitrate but does not improve overall model performance. The estimated response of inorganic PM2.5 to changes in precursor concentrations is affected by the inclusion of crustal species in some cases, although average responses are comparable with and without crustal species. Observed concentrations of particle chloride suggest that gas phase concentrations of hydrogen chloride may not be negligible, and future measurement campaigns should include observations to test this hypothesis. Our ability to model aerosol behavior in Mexico City and, thus, design control strategies, is constrained primarily by a lack of observations of gas phase precursors. Future campaigns should focus in particular on better understanding the temporal and spatial distribution of ammonia concentrations. In addition, gas phase observations of nitric acid are needed, and a measure of particle water content will allow stable versus metastable aerosol behavior to be distinguished. 相似文献
632.
Silvana Kuhtz 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2011,13(1):79-85
Climate is one of the more complex physical systems in nature, its behaviour being fundamentally non-linear and chaotic. In
assessing the potential risks from climate change and the costs of averting it, researchers and policymakers encounter pervasive
uncertainty. Sceptics demand to get rid of the inherent uncertainties, and some experts, on the other end, keep sending out
messages of catastrophic scenarios hoping that this will increase people’s awareness of the danger we face. The recent admission
of a mistake in IPCC’s Climate change 2007 report (promptly broadcast by all the major media groups and newspapers from Jan. 20th 2010 onwards) made by the head of
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change—that Himalayan glaciers could melt away by 2035 (the IPCC claim of 2035 is wrong
by over 300 years.)—has already brought a damage to the IPCC’s reputation that is likely to be considerable. But in this paper,
perhaps risking being provocative and paradoxical, instead of looking for the right answers to what we think are inevitable uncertainties, we intend to search for new questions that may lead to a new way of
thinking and may bring about new lifestyles and behaviour for citizens and firms. 相似文献
633.
Thaddeus Chidi Nzeadibe Chukwuedozie K. Ajaero 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2011,13(1):163-177
Solid waste management (SWM) in many low- and middle-income countries is sometimes driven by the informal sector. Unfortunately,
contributions of the sector to SWM are not acknowledged in many developing countries. This situation often arises from inadequate
awareness and lack of advocacy for these development contributions. This article reports on the impact of a study conducted
by final-year geography undergraduates on the informal waste management sector in Nsukka urban area, Nigeria. The purposes
of this exercise were to stimulate development intervention on behalf of the sector to improve perceptions, attitudes and
performance, to impart a range of development research skills and to expose the students to the business opportunities provided
by SWM and recycling. Informal waste sector workers and government officials responsible for SWM were interviewed, and some
commercial data on recycling operations were collected. Findings of this study indicate that such advocacy initiatives were
effective in increasing students’ awareness of opportunities and interest in working in the informal waste sector to promote
better SWM and development in Nigeria. Lessons from this university case study are also drawn for other developing countries
struggling to achieve the poverty reduction and job creation Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). 相似文献
634.
Julius H. Kotir 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2011,13(3):587-605
Sub-Saharan Africa has been portrayed as the most vulnerable region to the impacts of global climate change because of its
reliance on agriculture which is highly sensitive to weather and climate variables such as temperature, precipitation, and
light and extreme events and low capacity for adaptation. This article reviews evidence on the scope and nature of the climate
change challenge; and assesses the impact of climate change on agriculture and food security in Sub-Saharan Africa. From the
review, it is apparent that the climate in Africa is already exhibiting significant changes, evident by changes in average
temperature, change in amount of rainfall and patterns and the prevalence of frequency and intensity of weather extremes.
The review also revealed that although uncertainties exist with regards to the magnitude of impacts, climate will negatively
affect agricultural production in Sub-Saharan Africa. Specifically, as result of current and expected climate change, the
area suitable for agriculture, the length of growing seasons and yield potential, particularly along the margins of semi-arid
and arid areas, are expected to decrease. These impacts will affect all components of food security: food availability, food accessibility, food utilisation and food stability and hence increase the risk of hunger in the region. The review thus confirms the general consensus that Sub-Saharan Africa
is the most vulnerable region to climate change. It suggests that, policymakers and development agencies should focus on formulating
and implementing policies and programmes that promote farm level adaptation strategies currently being practiced by farmers
across the region. 相似文献
635.
Colin Thor West 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2011,13(1):217-235
The Arctic is a region of the world experiencing extremely rapid climatic and social change. Indigenous communities have faced
similar challenges for millennia and have historically demonstrated remarkable resilience to socioecological perturbations.
In contemporary contexts, however, it appears that the pace and extent of change is overwhelming the adaptive capacities of
many indigenous communities. Scholars recently completed a survey of living conditions spanning the circumpolar Arctic to
quantitatively document the impacts of social and ecological stress across regions. The database they created is called the
Survey of Living Conditions in the Arctic or SLiCA. This article explores the utility of using this dataset to compare livelihood
systems across three sub-regions of Alaska and four sub-regions within the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug of the Russian Federation.
The results point out that livelihood systems in Chukotka have a substantially lower level of sustainability than in Northwest
Alaska due to the high prevalence of vulnerable households. 相似文献
636.
Masahiko Matsuda 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2011,13(1):51-64
This study aims to estimate the intensification of rice farming in Myanmar particularly due to chemical fertilizer application,
using farm-level data obtained from field surveys conducted in the 2000s. Relatively high-input rice farming was found in
dry season crop in the delta zone and the double crop in well-irrigated lowlands of the central dry zone. The chemical fertilizer
used there was about 88–159 kg NPK (nitrogen, N; phosphate, P2O5; and potash, K2O) ha−1 (76–110 kg nitrogen (N) ha−1), and the average paddy yield ranged from 2.8 to 3.5 ton ha−1. On the other hand, nutrient input in survey sites of rain-fed lowland was between 11 and 53 kg NPK ha−1 (5 and 36 kg N ha−1), and the yield ranged from 1.1 to 2.3 ton ha−1. The national average of paddy yield and nutrient input of fertilizer was roughly estimated to be around 2.4 ton ha−1 and 60 kg NPK ha−1, respectively. A gap was observed between these calculated values and the official statistics. A comparison of fertilizer
use efficiency for rice production in Myanmar with that in China and Vietnam has shown that the efficiency in Myanmar has
not declined to an inappropriate level even in its intensive ones. Rice production in Myanmar has room for increasing the
yield by capital intensification. Nevertheless, considering its sustainability as well as productivity, further intensification
in rice farming technology in irrigated lowlands of Myanmar may neither be the best nor the only way. 相似文献
637.
Renewable energy sources are mainly used in the electrical sector. Electricity is not a storable commodity. Hence, it is necessary
to produce the requested quantity and distribute it through the system in such a way as to ensure that electricity supply
and demand are always evenly balanced. This constraint is actually the main problem related to the penetration of new renewables (wind and photovoltaic power)
in the context of complex energy systems. The paper analyzes some aspects in connection with the problem of new renewable
energy penetration. The case of Italian scenario is considered as a meaningful reference due to the characteristic size and
the complexity of the same. The various energy scenarios are evaluated with the aid of a multipurpose software taking into
account the interconnections between the different energetic uses. In particular, it is shown how the penetration of new renewable
energies is limited at an upper level by technological considerations and it will be more sustainable if an integration of
the various energy use (thermal, mobility and electrical) field will be considered. 相似文献
638.
Mohammad Sharif Zami 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2011,13(6):993-1006
Addressing urban housing crisis is an enormous challenge for most of the countries due to the increasing cost of the building
material. Therefore, affordable alternative building material can make a breakthrough to the urban housing crisis. In the
light of current success of stabilised earth construction in urban low-cost housing, it is important to find out the potential
drivers that can help to adopt this building material. This paper aims to identify and highlight these drivers from the method
of literature review and validates through a Delphi technique. 相似文献
639.
The developing countries i.e., the non-Annex-I countries (parties to the Kyoto Protocol but not responsible to any reduction
target yet) in the Kyoto Protocol whose economies are in transition are also allowed to reduce GHG emissions. Among these,
the countries that have accepted the Kyoto Protocol may be benefited from CDM projects to promote sustainable development.
The developed countries i.e., the Annex-I countries (that have signed the Kyoto Protocol & are responsible to have specific
GHG emission reduction target) or the investing countries, in return, have privilege to purchase CER credits (in units equivalent
to one tonne of CO2 gas emission reduction) to meet the emission target as specified in the Kyoto Protocol. The key step in understanding about
CDM is to grasp the concept of “baseline” and “additionality”. The “Baseline” is the emissions level that would have existed if a CDM project had not happened. The feature of an approved CDM project
is that the planned reductions would not occur without the additional incentive provided by emission reduction credits; this
concept is known as “Additionality”. According to environmental additionality concept, baseline emission minus project emission is equal to emissions reduction.
“Investment Additionality,” ultimately rejected during negotiation of the “Marrakech Accords” and “Financial Additionality,” are the two important concepts. The concept of trading of CER matches to the idea of Pigovian tax (equal to the negative externality and which is considered one of the “traditional” means of bringing a modicum of market
forces) in Economics, making pollution more costly to the polluter, as the polluters have negative cost since they save money
by polluting; hence, there are supposed negative externalities associated with the market activity. Economic theory predicts
that in an economy where the cost of reaching mutual agreement between parties is high and where pollution is diffuse, Pigovian
tax will be an efficient way to promote the public interest and will lead to an improvement of the quality of life measured
by the Genuine Progress Indicator and other human economic indicators, as well as higher gross domestic product growth. We
can seek a level of pollution such that the marginal savings (MS) to one polluting unit from pollution (−MC) is equal to marginal
damage (MD) from pollution over the entire population, since pollution is a public bad i.e., MS (x*) = ∑MDi (x*) where ∑Di (x) is the total damage. Though the responsibility of reduction in emission does not lie on the non-Annex-I countries, still
effort of maintaining global emission balance can be expected equally from developed and developing countries. The responsibilities
of Kyoto Protocol are (a) to reduce global GHG emissions, (b) to bring about sustainable development in the developing countries
lie on above two groups since its effect on February 16, 2005. Different polluters have different costs of pollution control.
The least costly way of controlling pollution from various sources that reflects different costs of pollution control making
the set of environmental regulations to achieve the emission target at the lowest cost makes the regulation cost-effective.
Though efficiency is not attainable for many regulations, cost-effectiveness is attainable. 相似文献
640.