滴水湖水系沉积物中多环芳烃的分布及风险评价

2012年,每两个月采集一次上海人工滩涂湖泊——滴水湖水系表层沉积物,检测16种多环芳烃(PAHs)含量.结果表明,滴水湖水系∑PAHs变化范围为74.03~579.20ng/g,平均值为272.55ng/g.其中,闸外引水河[(407.64±6.90)ng/g]≈闸内引水河[(427.99±213.84)ng/g]>滴水湖[(156.33±62.00)ng/g].研究区各点蒽/(蒽+菲)比值均大于0.1,说明PAHs主要来自于石油燃烧源.生态风险评价表明,滴水湖水系沉积物PAHs不存在严重的生态风险,但闸外和闸内引水河沉积物PAHs存在较低几率的潜在风险,湖区沉积物PAHs则无潜在风险.     

基于随机森林的阻变型通风网络故障诊断方法*

为了在矿井通风网络发生阻变型故障时,能够快速准确判断出故障位置和故障量,提出1种基于随机森林的通风网络故障位置和故障量诊断方法。利用矿井通风仿真系统IMVS将唐安矿模拟故障生成空间数据集并进行数据预处理,构建基于随机森林的故障诊断模型,并利用该诊断模型对唐安矿矿井通风网络模拟故障位置和故障量进行判断和预测。引用多种方法对模型进行度量,通过唐安矿模拟实验验证基于随机森林的故障诊断模型的有效性。将随机森林和决策树的故障诊断准确率进行对比,研究结果表明:随机森林较决策树故障准确率有进一步的提高,并发现故障地点失误诊断多是相邻巷道,在一定程度上工作人员对故障地点的判断并不受其影响。     

颗粒活性炭对水中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的吸附特性

研究了颗粒活性炭(GAC)对水中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)的静态与动态吸附特性.结果表明,Freundlich和Langmuir等温线模型可以较好的拟合GAC对DMP的吸附.GAC对DMP的吸附容量较大,溶液初始浓度为200mg/L时,GAC对DMP的动态和最大静态吸附容量分别为484.60,450.89mg/g.考察了不同流速条件下(0.65～4.00mL/min)GAC吸附DMP的穿透特性,Yoon-Nelson模型能很好地拟合DMP在GAC柱中的穿透曲线,根据试验数据和Yoon-Nelson模型计算出穿透参数K′、T和穿透点t1以及平衡点t2.在建立了进水流量与Yoon-Nelson穿透模型的参数之间的关系基础上,得到了活性炭柱出水浓度与进水流量和穿透时间之间的动态关系模型.     

Impacts of Alternative Timber Harvest Practices on Leaf-Chewing Herbivores of Oak

Abstract:  Studies of the effects of logging on Lepidoptera rarely address landscape-level effects or effects on larval, leaf-feeding stages. We examined the impacts of uneven-aged and even-aged logging on the abundance, richness, and community structure of leaf-chewing insects of white ( Quercus alba L.) and black ( Q. velutina L.) oak trees remaining in unharvested areas by sampling 3 years before and 7 years after harvest. After harvest, white oaks in uneven-aged sites had 32% fewer species of leaf-chewing insects than control sites. This reduction in species richness may have resulted from changes in microclimate (reducing plant quality and/or changing leaf phenology) that affected a much larger total area of each site than did even-aged cuts. For black oak after harvest, species richness in uneven- and even-aged sites increased relative to levels before harvest. Harvesting did not alter total insect density or community structure in the unlogged habitat for either oak species with one exception: insect density on black oak increased in the oldest forest block. Community structure of herbivores of black and white oaks in clearcut gaps differed from that of oaks in intact areas of even-aged sites. Furthermore, both richness and total insect density of black oaks were reduced in clearcut gaps. We suggest that low-level harvests alter herbivore species richness at the landscape level. Treatment effects were subtle because we sampled untreated areas of logged landscapes, only one harvest had occurred, and large temporal and spatial variation in abundance and richness existed. Although the effects of logging were greater in uneven-aged sites, the effects of even-aged management are likely to increase as harvesting continues.     

Lead induced changes in antioxidant metabolism of horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.) and bengalgram (Cicer arietinum L.)

One-month old horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc. cv VZM1) and bengalgram (Cicer arietinum L. cv Annogiri) were exposed to different regimes of lead stress as Pb(NO3)2 at 0, 200, 500 and 800 ppm concentrations. The extent of oxidative damage as the rate of lipid peroxidation, antioxidative response and the accumulation of lead in roots and shoots of both plants were evaluated after 12 days of lead stress. Lead (Pb) treated plants showed increased levels of lipid peroxidation as evidenced from the increased malondialdehyde content coupled with the increase in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST) compared to control (untreated) plants. Lead stress caused significant changes in the activity of antioxidative enzymes. The effect of lead was found to be concentration dependent. Higher concentration of lead (800 ppm) resulted 2- to 3-fold increase in SOD, catalase and peroxidase activities, 3- to 5-fold increase in GR activity and 3- to 4-fold increase in GST activity in roots and leaves of both horsegram and bengalgram plants. Lead stress caused a significant increase in the rate of peroxidation as showed in the levels of malondialdehyde content in roots and leaves of both plant species. Horsegram registered lower Pb accumulation than bengalgram, however localization of Pb was greater in roots than leaves in both plants. In general, lipid peroxide levels and antioxidative enzyme activities were higher in horsegram than bengalgram and also more in roots than leaves which best concordance with the lead contents of both the plants and organs. These results suggest that Pb toxicity causes oxidative stress in plants and the antioxidative enzymes SOD, CAT, POD, GR, GST could play a pivotal role against oxidative injury.     

Rating the Aggressivity of Australian Passenger Vehicles Towards Other Vehicle Occupants and Unprotected Road Users

Two measures of aggressivity of Australian passenger vehicles have been developed. The first measures the aggressivity to occupants of other cars. This type of aggressivity rating is based on two-car crashes between passenger vehicles and measures the injury risk each make/model in the collisions poses to the drivers of the other vehicles. The second measures aggressivity to unprotected road users. These aggressivity ratings reflect the threat of severe injury to pedestrians, bicyclists and motorcyclists by die make/model of vehicle colliding with them. This analysis was based on nearly 102,000 drivers involved in tow-away crashes with the makes/models which were the focus of the study and on nearly 22,000 injured pedestrians, bicyclists, and motorcyclists. The results suggest that crasbworthiness and aggressivity are two different aspects of a vehicle's safety performance, with good performance on one dimension not necessarily being associated with good performance on the other.     

Use of Large‐Scale Acoustic Monitoring to Assess Anthropogenic Pressures on Orthoptera Communities

Biodiversity monitoring at large spatial and temporal scales is greatly needed in the context of global changes. Although insects are a species‐rich group and are important for ecosystem functioning, they have been largely neglected in conservation studies and policies, mainly due to technical and methodological constraints. Sound detection, a nondestructive method, is easily applied within a citizen‐science framework and could be an interesting solution for insect monitoring. However, it has not yet been tested at a large scale. We assessed the value of a citizen‐science program in which Orthoptera species (Tettigoniidae) were monitored acoustically along roads. We used Bayesian model‐averaging analyses to test whether we could detect widely known patterns of anthropogenic effects on insects, such as the negative effects of urbanization or intensive agriculture on Orthoptera populations and communities. We also examined site‐abundance correlations between years and estimated the biases in species detection to evaluate and improve the protocol. Urbanization and intensive agricultural landscapes negatively affected Orthoptera species richness, diversity, and abundance. This finding is consistent with results of previous studies of Orthoptera, vertebrates, carabids, and butterflies. The average mass of communities decreased as urbanization increased. The dispersal ability of communities increased as the percentage of agricultural land and, to a lesser extent, urban area increased. Despite changes in abundances over time, we found significant correlations between yearly abundances. We identified biases linked to the protocol (e.g., car speed or temperature) that can be accounted for ease in analyses. We argue that acoustic monitoring of Orthoptera along roads offers several advantages for assessing Orthoptera biodiversity at large spatial and temporal extents, particularly in a citizen science framework. El Uso de Monitoreos Acústicos a Gran Escala para Estudiar las Presiones Antropogénicas sobre Comunidades de Orthoptera     

巢湖水体散射和后向散射特性研究

湖泊水体散射特性的研究对湖泊水色要素遥感反演模型的发展具有重要的意义.本研究利用AC-S和ECO-BB9实测了巢湖水体的散射系数和后向散射系数,在分析光谱变化特性的基础上,构建了悬浮颗粒物散射系数和后向散射系数的幂函数光谱模型,获得的光谱指数分别为0.86和3.24.研究发现悬浮颗粒物散射系数与TSM和ISM都存在较好的线性函数关系,进而提出水体中总悬浮颗粒物的比散射系数为0.6364(10-3m2·mg-1),无机悬浮颗粒物的比散射系数为0.9108(10-3m2·mg-1).同时,分析了悬浮颗粒物后向散射率和折射指数的变化,其变化范围分别为0.003～0.026和1.02～1.06.     

国内外冶金行业安全标准对比研究与分析

本文重点介绍了《国内外冶金行业安全标准对比研究》项目开展的基本情况,阐述了我国与欧美国家冶金行业安全标准体系和相关专业安全标准条款的对比内容,分析了我国冶金行业安全标准同欧美发达国家之间存在的差距与不足,有针对性地提出了我国冶金行业安全标准实现与国际发达国家接轨的对策措施和工作方向。     

PETROLEUM EXPLORATION TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

In 1979, all the non-OPEC less developed countries (LDCs) represented 8.1 per cent of world oil production and more than 10 per cent of the proven reserves. The position of the oil-importing LDCs was more modest, with 2 per cent of world production and only 1.2 per cent of the proved reserves. On the other hand, their reserves of natural gas were slightly larger and relatively little exploited. Considering the low level of exploration in the non-OPEC LDCs, which can at least partially be explained by economic and political conditions, their hydrocarbon potential is considerably higher than present discoveries, as confirmed by results obtained in new zones that have recently been prospected. Up until the last few years, exploration efforts in non-OPEC LDCs, measured in terms of seismic prospecting and drilling, have remained practically stable. On the contrary, since the 1973 crisis and its repercussions on the price of oil, there has been a sharp increase in exploration in the developed countries, especially in North America, due to the greater economic attractiveness of new discoveries. To encourage the same intensification of exploration in the LDCs incentives to promote activities must continue to be proposed. The situation of the some 70 oil-importing LDCs, in which exploration has been highly scattered to date and where petroleum potential exists, is extremely critical. En 1979, tous les pays les moins développés en dehors de I'OPEP représentaient 8.1 pour cent de la production mondiale de pétrole et plus de 10 pour cent des réverses prouvées. La situation des pays les moins développés importateurs de pétrole était plus que défavorable, avec 2 pour cent de la production mondiale et 1.2 pour cent seulement des réverves prouvées. D'autre part, leurs réverves de gaz naturel étaient plus grandes et relativement peu exploitées. Considérant le faible niveau d'exploration dans les pays les moins développés en dehors de I'OPEP, niveau que l'on peut au moins attribue en partie aux conditions économiques et politiques, leur potentiel en hydrocarbures est considérablement plus élevé que les découvertes actuelles, tel que le confirment les résultats obtenus dans de nouvelles zones récemment prospectées. Jusqu'à ces dernières années, les efforts d'exploration dans les pays les moins développés en dehors de I'OPEP en termes de prospection sismique et de forage sont restés pratiquement stables. Par contre, depuis la crise de 1973 et ses répercussions sur le prix du pétrole, il y a eu une augmentation marquante dans l'exploration des pays développés, en particulier en Amérique du nord, à cause des possibilités économiques plus intéressantes de ces nouvelles découvertes. Afin d'arriver à la méme intensification en matière d'exploration dans les pays les moins développés, on doit continuer à fournir des encouragements pour promouvoir les activités. La situation des quelque 70 pays les moins développés importateurs de pétrole dans lesquels l'exploration a été sporadique jusqu'à cette date et où le potentiel en pétrole existe est extrêmement critique. En 1979 todos los países de menor grado de desarrollo, no miembros de la OPEP, representaban 8.1 porciento de la producción mundial de petróleo y más del 10 porciento de las reservas probadas. La situación de esta categoría de países, importadores de petróleo era mas modesta: con 2 porciento de la producción mundial y solo 1.2 porciento de reservas probadas. Por otro lado sus reservas de gas natural eran ligeramente mayores y relativamente poco explotadas. Tomando en consideración el bajo nivel de exploración en los países de menor grado de desarrollo no pertenecientes a la OPEP, el potencial en hidrocarburos de estos países es considerablemente mayor que los descubrimientos presentes tal como se confirma por los resultados obtenidos en zonas nuevas recientemente exploradas. Hasta hace pocos años, los esfuerzos de exploración en estos países han permanecido practicamente estables. Por el contrario desde la crisis de 1973 ha ocurrido un aumento rápido en la exploración en los países desarrollados, especialmente en Norte América, debido al mayor atractivo económico de los nuevos descubrimientos. Para facilitar la misma intensificación de exploración en los países de menor grado de desarrollo se deben proponer incentivos que promuevan mayor actividad. La situación de algo asi como 70 países importadores de petróleo es crítica a pesar de que existe un potencial en hidrocarburos y donde poca exploración se ha realizado hasta ahora.