Community livelihood and its dependence on nature resources under pressure of conservation

Conflict between conservation and community livelihood is a significant issue in China.Based on Sustainable Livelihood Framework(SLA),this study systematically analyzed livelihoods assets of a community in a Yunnan snub-nosed monkey conservation area and found that the livelihood pentagon of the community was shaped by multiple but frail and unstable income sources,abundant natural resources with restricted use right,underutilized labors,inadequate financial resources,inconvenient physical capital and weak social capital.Villagers'income heavily depended on forest,and grazing and nontimber forest products(NTFP)collection are common and major income sources for villagers.However,differentiation of income dependence on forest among villagers'groups showed that there is no close correlation between the level of income and the level of income dependence on forest.Households'daily life also heavily depended on the forest due to heating and pig-feed cooking;hence,fuelwood cannot be easily replaced by any other energy resource for a long period.     

高职《园林CAD》项目教学的实践应用

介绍了《园林CAD》课程的项目化教学思路,从课程对应岗位群、教学内容的项目化处理、教学设计等3个方面阐述了项目化教学的实践应用。教学实践表明,该方法有效增强了学生学习专业知识的目的性,实现了理论教学和实践教学更好的衔接,有效提高了学生的岗位能力,取得了较好的教学效果,为类似专业课程的教学提供了参考。     

从聚醚残渣中回收聚醚和磷酸二氢钾

采用热水萃取分离技术回收聚醚残渣中J的聚醚和膦酸二氰钾,考察了萃取温度、结晶温度、水洗条件等因素对产品回收情况的影响。工业试验结果表明：聚醚回收率大于75%,磷酸二氢钾的平均回收率为70%.工业化试生产得到磷酸二氢钾和聚醚的产品质量分别达到HG2321-92工业品一级标准和该厂制定的GEP560S企业标准。该技术具有聚醚和磷酸二氢钾回收率高、工艺简单等特点,且经济效益、环境效益和社会效益显著。     

Historical change of heavy metals in urban soils of Nanjing, China during the past 20 centuries

Two typical areas, including once commercial and residential quarters of Nanjing, China, were studied by investigating soil properties especially heavy metals of soils in various cultural layers formed in different Chinese Dynasties. The age of the soil profiles was dated by both archaeological and 14C chronological methods. The results showed that urban soils in the old commercial/workshop quarter of Nanjing were generally contaminated by heavy metals Cu, Zn, Pb, but their concentration levels varied significantly among the cultural layers formed in different dynasties. The substantial increase of heavy metals appeared in three historical periods, i.e., South Dynasty (222-589 AD), the earlier Ming (1368-1644 AD) and the late Qing (1644-1912 AD) in one area. The tremendous input and storage of heavy metals in soils was explained by the primitive smelting and the strengthened metal processing activities, which might be due to the requirement of weapon making or other industries, in the changing social conditions of the corresponding periods. Soils in the once noble political, cultural centers did not show significant increase of heavy metals. The difference in the distribution pattern of heavy metals revealed the contrasting history of the site uses. The change of contaminant level in soils is believed to be a reflection of various human activities in the city during the past 20 centuries.     

A new type of refrigerator and its cycle

The world is facing an energy and climate crisis. Globally, the energy sector emits 26 billion tonnes of CO₂ each year, and electricity production alone accounts for 41% of emissions (European Wind Energy Association. 2008. Pure Power: Wind Energy Scenarios up to 2030. European Wind Energy Association. p. 6). Currently, reducing CO₂ emissions and curbing climate change have become global priorities, and we only have a narrow window of time left in which to act. The new type of refrigerator can offer an immediate and concrete solution to the many energy and climate challenges that we are facing. This is an account of a new type of refrigerator and its cycle for use in the refrigeration industry. For its cycle, the working substance is air or other gases; its cycle is very similar to that of the reverse Brayton cycle (Hou, Y., Zhao, H. L., Chen, C. Z., and Xiong, L. Y. 2006. “Developments in Reverse Brayton Cycle Cryocooler in China.” Cryogenics 46 (5): 403–407). In the cycle of the new type of refrigerator, the isochoric exothermic process and the isothermal exothermic compression process replace the isobaric exothermic compression process of the reverse Brayton cycle. The new type of refrigerator can produce a net electrical energy, and it is not a perpetual motion machine, because the environmental enthalpy and atmospheric pressure can be utilized as the external energy sources, which cannot be performed by any other conventional refrigerators; therefore, the reliability and significance of this new type of refrigerator is self-evident.     

A new type of Stirling heat engine

This is a new technique for operating a Stirling heat engine. Theoretically, its thermal efficiency should be greater than 100%. However, it does not violate the first and second laws of thermodynamics; it is not a perpetual motion engine, because the atmospheric pressure can be utilized as the external energy source, which no other existing heat engines can do. This means that the new type of heat engine can offer an immediate and concrete solution to the many energy and climate challenges that we are facing; therefore the reliability and significance of this new type of Stirling heat engine is self-evident.     

Total concentrations and speciation of heavy metals in soils of the Shenyang Zhangshi Irrigation Area, China

The Shenyang Zhangshi Irrigation Area (SZIA) was used for the spreading of municipal and industrial waste water, which is an economic way of irrigating crops, recycling nutrients and water treatment. Long-term irrigation resulted in a severe metal contamination of soils. To identify the soil phases implicated in retaining the metals, sequential extractions were performed. The most predominant metal was cadmium which was mainly associated with mobile, easily soluble and easily reducible fractions. Copper was mainly associated with the residual, EDTA extractable and moderately reducible fractions. Lead was bound to organic matter and poorly crystalline Fe-oxides. Nickel and zinc were mainly associated with the residual and strongly reducible fractions. Although copper, lead, nickel and zinc concentrations were of minor importance mobile metal concentrations of these metals as well as of cadmium exceeded German trigger values for plant production and plant growth.     

Spatial distribution,temporal variation,and sources of heavy metal pollution in groundwater of a century-old nonferrous metal mining and smelting area in China

This study first presents the spatial distribution, temporal variation, and sources of heavy metal pollution in groundwater of a nonferrous metal mine area in China. Unconfined groundwater was polluted by Pb, Zn, As, and Cu, in order, while confined karst water in the mines showed pollution in the following sequence: Zn, Cd, Cu, Pb, and As. Pollution by Pb was widespread, while Zn, As, Cu, and Cd were found to be high in the north–central industrial region and to decrease gradually with distance from smelters and tailings. Vertically, more Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd have accumulated in shallow Quaternary groundwater, while more As have migrated into the deeper fracture groundwater in the local discharge area. Zn, Cd, and Cu concentrations in groundwater along the riverside diminished owing to reduced wastewater drainage since 1977, while samples in the confluence area were found to have increasing contents of Pb, Zn, As, Cu, and Cd since industrialization began in the 1990s. Sources of heavy metals in groundwater were of anthropogenic origin except for Cr. Pb originated primarily from airborne volatile particulates, wastewater, and waste residues and deposited continuously, while Zn, Cd, and Cu were derived from the wastewater of smelters and leakage of tailings, which corresponded to the related soil and surface residue researches. Elevated As values around factories might be the result of chemical reactions. Flow patterns in different hydrogeological units and adsorption capability of from Quaternary sediments restricted their cross-border diffusion.     

基坑外设置隔离桩对土体水平位移的隔断效果分析

目前对于隔离桩是否能有效减小基坑外地下结构的变形问题仍存在争议。为研究隔离桩对基坑开挖引起的土体水平位移的隔断效果,结合二阶段分析方法及地层补偿法,提出了求解基坑开挖后隔离桩外土体位移的三阶段分析方法,并对其合理性进行了验证。结果表明:基于该方法的计算,不同基坑开挖深度和不同围护墙变形模式下,隔离桩的存在可减小坑外地坪下一定深度范围内的土体水平位移,但可能增大深层土体水平位移;隔离桩刚度越大,对土体上部水平向位移的隔离效果越好,但同时深层土层位移增大的情况也越明显;合理的隔离桩桩顶埋深可一定程度减小隔离桩对深层土体的牵引作用。为保护基坑外的地下结构而设置隔离桩时,应根据模拟计算结果、工程实际情况及当地经验综合分析其可行性。     

多次冻融循环人工盐渍土路基模型试验研究∗

青藏铁路西宁至格尔木段为典型的季节性冻土区铁路,冻害频发,严重影响铁路的正常使用和安全运营,为了整治路基体发生冻害,结合成熟的注浆技术和传统撒盐法,提出注盐法整治路基冻害。在室内模型箱中填筑实体模型,进行封闭系统中多次冻融循环条件下人工盐渍土路基模型试验,探究人工盐渍土路基中温度、水分、盐分以及变形规律,验证注盐法整治路基冻害的可行性。试验结果表明：路基土体内温度变化趋势符合环境温度变化趋势的余弦函数变化波动规律,土体内温度变化较环境温度变化推迟36 h左右;温度梯度是引起水分迁移的主要因素,越接近冷端,迁移量越大,在冻结锋面处达到最大;在封闭系统中,盐分随着水分向冷端运移,但是盐分运移量较低,随着周期的推进,盐分呈逐渐降低的趋势;随着温度的周期性变化路基顶面的变形呈现出有规律的冻胀和融沉现象,但是最大冻胀量为0.08 mm,可见路基盐化之后路基土体基本不产生冻胀变形。