Effect of temperature on anoxic metabolism of nitrites to nitrous oxide by polyphosphate accumulating organisms

Temperature is an important physical factor, which strongly influences biomass and metabolic activity. In this study, the effects of temperature on the anoxic metabolism of nitrite(NO-2) to nitrous oxide(N2O) by polyphosphate accumulating organisms, and the process of the accumulation of N2O(during nitrite reduction), which acts as an electron acceptor, were investigated using 91% ± 4% Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis sludge. The results showed that N2O is accumulated when Accumulibacter first utilize nitrite instead of oxygen as the sole electron acceptor during the denitrifying phosphorus removal process. Properties such as nitrite reduction rate, phosphorus uptake rate, N2O reduction rate, and polyhydroxyalkanoate degradation rate were all influenced by temperature variation(over the range from 10 to 30°C reaching maximum values at 25°C). The reduction rate of N2O by N2O reductase was more sensitive to temperature when N2O was utilized as the sole electron acceptor instead of NO2, and the N2O reduction rates, ranging from 0.48 to 3.53 N2O-N/(hr·g VSS), increased to 1.45 to 8.60 mg N2O-N/(hr·g VSS). The kinetics processes for temperature variation of 10 to 30°C were(θ1 = 1.140–1.216 and θ2= 1.139–1.167). In the range of 10°C to 30°C, almost all of the anoxic stoichiometry was sensitive to temperature changes. In addition, a rise in N2O reduction activity leading to a decrease in N2O accumulation in long term operations at the optimal temperature(27°C calculated by the Arrhenius model).     

Bioavailable phosphorus transport from a hillslope cropland of purple soil under natural and simulated rainfall

To further understand the mechanism of bioavailable total P (BAP) and bioavailable dissolved P (BDP) transport by overland and subsurface flow, we exposed a runoff plot 4.5 m long × 1.5 m wide × 0.6 m deep to simulated and natural rainfall in order to study the effects of rainfall type, rainfall intensity, and vegetation cover on BAP and BDP transport. The results showed that vegetation cover could alleviate the discharge of overland flow and sediment transport and enhance subsurface flow. BAP transport significantly increased with elevated rainfall intensity. Vegetation cover reduced the BAP transport by overland flow and increased it by subsurface flow. BDP transport showed no significant relationship with vegetation cover and rainfall type. The bioavailable particulate P (BPP) transport by overland flow contributed to no less than 90% by weight of total BAP, and the BPP transport by subsurface flow contributed to no less than 60% by weight of total BAP. Short-time heavy rainfall caused more BAP transport and accelerated non-point source pollution.     

Research on low emission MSW gasification and melting system

In order to eliminate secondary pollution caused by municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration, a MSW gasification and melting process is proposed. The process is expected to reduce the emission of pollutants, especially heavy-metals and dioxins. In this paper, the combustible components of MSW and simulated MSW were gasified in a lab-scale fluidized bed at 400°C–700°C when the excess air ratio (ER) was between 0.2 and 0.8. The experimental results indicated that the MSW could be gasified effectively in a fluidized bed at approximately 600°C–700°C when excess air ratio was 0.2–0.4. The melting characteristics of two typical fly ash samples from MSW incinerators were investigated. The results indicated that fly ash of pure MSW incineration could be melted at approximately 1,300°C and that of MSW and coal co-combustion could be melted at approximately 1,400°C. When temperature was over 1,100°C, more than 99.9% of the dioxins could be decomposed and most of the heavy-metals could be solidified in the slag. Based on the above experiments, two feasible MSW gasification and melting processes were proposed for low calorific value MSW: (1) sieved MSW gasification and melting system, which was based on an idea of multi-recycle; (2) gasification and melting scheme of MSW adding coal as assistant fuel.     

投入产出模型在工业生态系统分析中的应用

应用投入产出模型构建出工业生态系统物质流分析的基本框架，在此基础上提出工业生态系统“关键种企业”的识别方法。以及工业生态系统企业能量消耗特征、累计污染排放特征的量化分析方法。这些分析方法将是辅助工业生态系统日常管理与维护的有力工具。     

论社会经济发展主导要素的演替

社会发展是人有目的的行为的结果，因此，社会发展的决策者对社会发展趋势与规律的正确认识与把握是至关重要的。基于此，选取社会发展实践活动中最基本、最具决定意义的经济领域，探讨经济发展主导要素的演替规律，并用中国近50多年经济发展的实证研究佐证理性分析的结果。结论是：在经济发展的不同阶段，主导性发展要素不同，要素整合形式也不同，大致表现为“劳动力为主导→资本（自然资源、人造资本、资金）为主导→知识（科技、信息、管理）为主导→环境质量为主导”各个发展阶段的逐步演替。     

程序升温脱附法测定活性炭上酯类有机物的脱附活化能

采用程序升温脱附(TPD)法,测定了5个不同升温速率下乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸异丙酯、乙酸丁酯的程序升温脱附曲线,研究了其脱附活化能、及其与汽化潜热及偶极距之间的关系。4种酯类有机物在活性炭上的吸附过程是物理吸附,脱附活化能大小依次为:乙酸甲酯(20.17 kJ/mol)<乙酸异丙酯(27.4 kJ/mol)<乙酸乙酯(28.4 kJ/mol)<乙酸丁酯(51.9 kJ/mol);脱附活化能随物质沸点变化不明显,随汽化潜热的增大而增大,且与其极性大小有关,极性越大,越易被吸附。     

Chromosomal aberrations and DNA damage in human populations exposed to the processing of electronics waste

Background, aim, and scope  It has been known that the pollutants of electronic wastes (E-wastes) can lead to severe pollution to the environment. It has been reported that about 50% to 80% of E-wastes from developed countries are exported to Asia and Africa. It has become a major global environmental problem to deal with ‘E-wastes’. E-waste recycling has remained primitive in Jinghai, China. This not only produces enormous environmental pollution but also can bring about toxic or genotoxic effects on the human body, threatening the health of both current residents and future generations living in the local environment. The concentration of lead in the blood of children in the E-waste polluted area in China is higher than that of the control area. But little is known about the cytogenetic effect to human beings caused by the pollution of E-wastes. In the present study, experiments have been performed to investigate the genetics of permanent residents of three villages with numerous E-waste disposal sites and to analyze the harmful effects of exposure to E-wastes. Materials and methods  In total, 171 villagers (exposed group) were randomly selected from permanent residents of three villages located in Jinghai County of Tianjin, China, where there has been massive disposal of E-wastes. Thirty villagers were selected from the neighboring towns without E-waste disposal sites to serve as controls. Chromosomal aberrations and cytokinesis blocking micronucleus were performed to detect the cytogenetic effect, dic + r (dicentric and ring chromosome), monomer, fragments (acentric fragments, minute chromosomes, and acentric rings), translocation, satellite, quadriradial, total aberrations, and micronuclear rate were scored for each subject. DNA damage was detected using comet assay; the DNA percentage in the comet tail (TDNA%), tail moment (TM), and Olive tail moment (OTM) were recorded to describe DNA damage to lymphocytes. Results  The total chromosome aberration rates (5.50%) and micronuclear rates (16.99%) of the exposure group were significantly higher than in the control group (P = 0.000). The percentage of DNA in the comet tail, tail moment, and Olive tail moment detected by comet assay showed that there was a significant difference in DNA damage in the exposure group (P = 0.000). The chromosome aberration, micronucleus rate, and DNA damage observed in women were significantly higher than those in men. Chromosome aberration and micronuclear rates of both smokers and non-smokers in the exposure group are obviously higher than that in the control group (P = 0.000). Discussion  The use of outdated (and unsafe) ways to deal with E-wastes can lead to exposure to a variety of substances harmful to human health. The components of pollution may enter the human body through the air, drinking water, and food chain to damage human genetic material, resulting in genomic instability. The rates of chromosomal aberration, micronucleus formation, and the degree of DNA damage in women in the group exposed to electronic waste were significantly higher than in men. The reason for this may be concerned with the traditional lifestyle of the local residents or the difference of sensitivity to the exposure to E-wastes or any others. Further investigations are needed to provide evidence to demonstrate this. Conclusions  Here, we report the obviously cytogenetic toxicity to the exposure population by the E-waste pollution for the first time. E-waste pollution may be a potential agent of genetic mutation, and may induce cytogenetic damage within the general population exposed to the pollution. These findings need to be considered, and steps should be taken to protect the current population and future generations from the effects of pollution with E-wastes. Recommendations and perspectives  The above results remind us that the impact of E-waste recycling on environmental quality of Jinghai should be evaluated soon. Moreover, it is urgent for the government to prohibit E-waste import and its processing by outdated ways. The future studies such as pollutant details of drinking water, air, and soil in the area as well as epidemiological investigations on the harmful effect to children must be performed eagerly. All the data available do provide a compelling case for immediate action in both countries to address workplace health and safety and waste management. Qiang Liu and Jia Cao contributed equally to this study and share the first authorship.     

基于隐性危险驾驶人感知特性及判别模型研究

为研究驾驶人在隐性危险场景中危险感知行为,基于Bayes判别法,将驾驶行为指标作为输入变量,建立驾驶人危险感知能力预测模型.结果表明:驾驶员在显性危险场景的纵向加速度显著低于隐性危险场景;驾驶人在隐性危险场景中TTC值小于显性危险场景;在被试车辆与轿车、行人、非机动车冲突3种交通冲突场景中,驾驶人对行人危险感知能力最弱...     

基于面板数据的土地集约利用水平与土地利用碳排放关系研究——以1996～2010年湖北省中心城市数据为例

实现土地集约利用水平提高与土地利用碳减排的双赢,是我国土地管理者的期望。先是测算了湖北省3个中心城市1996~2010年的土地集约利用水平和土地利用碳排放值,对两者关系进行了理论分析与假定,最后通过协整检验、Granger因果关系检验和脉冲响应函数的计量方法验证了理论分析。结果表明:土地集约利用水平与土地利用碳排放存在长期均衡关系。在土地利用资本集约阶段,土地集约利用增加作为碳源的建设用地碳排放量效果明显大于保育农用地等碳汇的碳吸收量效果;不同土地集约利用阶段的土地集约利用水平和土地利用碳排放的关系呈动态变化,技术进步将成为改变两者正相关关系的关键;在土地利用的资本集约阶段,提高土地集约利用水平会促进土地利用碳排放增加,但随着城市经济发展转型及产业集聚特征的变化,土地集约利用水平的提高对碳排放的正向影响将减弱。最后,根据研究结果提出了中心城市的土地低碳集约利用策略。     

1961～2010年华中区域降水变化特征分析

收集1961～2010年华中区域239个气象站点,选择通过均一化检验的233个站点作为研究对象,系统分析了近50a华中区域降水变化特征。结果表明:1961～2010年华中区域年降水量无明显的增减趋势,20世纪60年代降水接近常年,90年代降水偏多,70～80年代、21世纪初降水偏少。降水纬向分布特征比较显著,由南向北逐渐递减,且空间分布不均匀。年降水日数减少趋势显著,减少速率为3.4d/10a。1989年以后区域降水量增加明显,2006年以后降水减少,同时存在2a左右周期振荡;降水日数在1986年以后减少明显。春、秋季降水总体减少,减少速率分别为5.4、12.2mm/10a;夏、冬季降水总体增加,增加速率为15.9、6.3mm/10a。四季降水日数的变化速率分别为-1.4、0.2、-2.1、-0.1d/10a。