Accumulation and excretion of organophosphorous pesticides by willow shiner

Bioconcentration and excretion of 8 organophosphorous pesticides were studied for willow shiner ( ). The average bioconcentration factors (BCF) in the whole body of the fish after 24 – 168 hr exposure were 0.8 for dichlorvos, 76 for salithion, 18 for methidathion, 29 for pyridaphenthion, 481 for fenthion and 36 for phosmet, Further, the BCF values of the other pesticides after 168 hr exposure were 713 for phenthoate and 1682 for EPN. The correlation between n-octanol-water partition coefficients (P_OW) and BCF in willow shiner was investigated for 19 pesticides studied here and already reported. The correlation factor (r) was not so high (0.6819, n=19) but higher (0.9085, n=18) in case excluding captan. The excretion rate constants (k) from the whole body of willow shiner were 0.20 hr⁻¹ for salthion, 0.05 hr⁻¹ for phenthoate, 0.27 hr⁻¹ for methidathion, 0.20 hr⁻¹ for pyridaphenthion, 0.07 hr⁻¹ for fenthion, 0.04 hr⁻¹ for EPN and 0.28 hr⁻¹ for phosmet.     

Marine protected areas for deepwater fish populations: an evaluation of their effects in Hawai’i

The success of marine protected areas (MPAs) as a tool for conservation and fisheries management has been well documented. However, these results have typically been seen in shallow water systems and questions remain whether this management strategy could be successfully applied to deepwater ecosystems. Our objectives were to determine the efficacy of four deepwater MPAs called bottomfish restricted fishing areas (BRFAs), with various time spans of protection, monitored at depths between 90 and 310 m from 2007 to 2011 for six species of deepwater snapper and one grouper harvested in the Main Hawaiian Islands. Our results suggested that the duration of protection influenced reserve effects, particularly for target species. Mean fish length, and in some cases abundance, increased for one or more of the most economically important target species inside nearly all tested BRFAs. In addition, more mature fish were seen inside the BRFA with the longest duration of protection (~14 years); species richness increased outside this area while inside it remained the same. Here, we provide the first evidence that deepwater MPAs can have positive effects on deepwater species and that many protection effects were consistent with results found in shallow water ecosystems. While these findings are novel, additional data over greater temporal scales will be necessary to determine whether these trends will continue and if others will become important over time.     

Effects of parabens on apoptosis induced by serum-free medium

Alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acids (parabens), an endocrine disrupter, are used as preservatives in cosmetics and foods. In this study, to understand the relationship between parabens and differentiation in infants, the effects of parabens on apoptosis induced by serum deprivation in PC12 cells were investigated. In addition, apoptosis-related factors were assayed. As results, a tendency toward enhancement of apoptosis was observed in the cells cultured in the serum-free medium with methylparaben, and this tendency was suggested to be related to the contents of BAD, a pro-apoptotic protein. Butylparaben did not show any tendency to enhance apoptosis.     

Accumulation and excretion of chloroanilines by carp

Accumulation and excretion of chloroanilines were studied for carp ( L.). The average bioconcentration factors (BCF) in the whole body of the fish after 24 – 336 hr exposure were 2.0 and 3.7 for o-chloroaniline. 0.8 and 2.2 for m-chloroaniline and 0.8 and 1.7 for p-chloroaniline at high and low concentrations of the chemicals, respectively. The excretion rate constants (k) from the whole body of the fish were 0.19 hr⁻¹ for o-chloroaniline, 0.21 hr⁻¹ for m-chloroaniline and 0.16 hr⁻¹ for p-chloroaniline. The experimental data on the accumulation and excretion of the chloroanilines were consistent with the field data.     

Effects of red-yellow soil acidification on seed germination of Chinese pine

Acid treatments significantly change the physical and chemical properties of red-yellos soil by lowering its pH value and leaching out aluminum(Al) ions that are harmful to the growth of plants.The structure of soil will be damaged,resulting in higher viscosity,higher water retention rate and lower air permeability of the soil.The germination rate of Chinese pine(Pinus tabulacformic Carr.)seeds sowed in soil treated with sulphuric acid(H2SO4) decreased compared to that for untreated soil.The direct cause was the large amount of Al ions leached out because of low pH values(≥3.5).The added acid decreased the soil aggregation and increased the number of micro-aggregates(under 250 μmin diameter).Such changes increased the soil‘s viscosity,which tied the pine needles to the soil after the seeds had germinated and prevented the seedlings from fully developing.     

Estimation of the respiratory ventilation rate of preschool children in daily life using accelerometers

Inhalation rate is an essential factor for determining the inhaled dose of air pollutants. Here, accelerometers were used to develop regression equations for predicting the minute ventilation rate (V(E)) to estimate the daily inhalation rate in young children. Body acceleration and heart rate were measured in 29 Japanese preschool children (6 yr of age) during nine different levels of activities (lying down, sitting, standing, playing with plastic bricks, walking, building with blocks, climbing stairs, ball tossing, and running) using the Actical omnidirectional accelerometer, the ActivTracer triaxial accelerometer, and a heart rate monitor. Measurements were calibrated against the V(E) measured by the Douglas bag method. ActivTracer accelerometer measurements gave a strong correlation with V(E) (Pearson's r = 0.913), which was marginally stronger than that for the Actical counts (r = 0.886) and comparable to the correlation between heart rate and logarithmic V(E) (r = 0.909). According to the linear regression equation, the V(E) for lying down, sitting, standing, playing with plastic bricks, walking, and running was overestimated by 14-60% by the Actical and by 14-37% by the ActivTracer. By comparison, for building with blocks, climbing stairs, and ball tossing, the V(E) was underestimated by 19-23% by the Actical and by 13-18% by the ActivTracer. When these three activities were excluded, a stronger correlation was found between the V(E) and ActivTracer measurements (r = 0.949); this correlation was 0.761 for the three excluded activities. Discriminant analysis showed that the ratio between vertical and horizontal acceleration obtained by the ActivTracer could discriminate walking from building with blocks, climbing stairs, and ball tossing with a sensitivity of 75%. The error in estimating V(E) was considerably improved for the ActivTracer measurements by the use of two regression equations developed for each type of activity.     

环丙沙星(CIP)对鲤鱼早期生长阶段的影响

我们依据经济合作与发展组织的210指导性文件,利用鲤鱼受精卵,进行环丙沙星(CIP)的毒性试验。测试浓度设置为1、100、500、1 000和3 000 μg?L^L-1。我们发现在所有测试组中,暴露于CIP会加速孵化,但在暴露于最高浓度CIP(3000 μg?L^L-1)的测试组,出现了显著的生长下降的现象。在实验的第6天(孵化之后),可以观察到大量增加的肉眼可见的形态异常现象。最高数量肉眼可见的形态异常现象是在自由胚胎和幼虫CIP暴露浓度为100、500、1 000和3 000 μg?L^L-1的测试组中产生的(测试样本的20%~23%)。在所有CIP暴露试验组中,均检测出GST活性的呈逐步降低趋势,但是在CIP浓度为500和3 000 μg?L^L-1的测试组中出现了显著差异(p < 0.01)。其中在大多数测试浓度下,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶的活性增加(p < 0.01,p < 0.05),而在CIP暴露浓度为500和3 000 μg?L^L-1的测试组,谷胱甘肽还原酶出现活性降低的现象(p < 0.05)。在所有的CIP暴露组中,硫代巴比妥酸活性物质的浓度明显降低(p < 0.01)。可测的CIP最低有效浓度(LOEC)是1 μg?L^L-1。\这些结果表明,孵化过程,早期的个体发育,形态异常的产生,以及鱼类体内的抗氧化和生物转化酶活性和脂质过氧化反应,都会受到CIP影响。
精选自Dana Zivna, Lucie Plhalova, Lucie Chromcova, Jana Blahova, Miroslav Prokes, Misa Skoric, Petr Marsalek, Eva Praskova, Stanislava Stepanova, Zdenka Svobodova. The effects of ciprofloxacin on early life stages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 35, Issue 7, pages 1733–1740, July 2016. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3317
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3317/full