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231.
232.
A stochastic conflict resolution model for trading pollutant discharge permits in river systems 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper presents an efficient methodology for developing pollutant discharge permit trading in river systems considering the conflict of interests of involving decision-makers and the stakeholders. In this methodology, a trade-off curve between objectives is developed using a powerful and recently developed multi-objective genetic algorithm technique known as the Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II). The best non-dominated solution on the trade-off curve is defined using the Young conflict resolution theory, which considers the utility functions of decision makers and stakeholders of the system. These utility functions are related to the total treatment cost and a fuzzy risk of violating the water quality standards. The fuzzy risk is evaluated using the Monte Carlo analysis. Finally, an optimization model provides the trading discharge permit policies. The practical utility of the proposed methodology in decision-making is illustrated through a realistic example of the Zarjub River in the northern part of Iran. 相似文献
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A new strategy for determination of hydroxylamine and phenol in water and waste water samples using modified nanosensor 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Roya Sadeghi Hassan Karimi-Maleh Mohammad A. Khalilzadeh Hadi Beitollahi Zahra Ranjbarha Mohammad Bagher Pasha Zanousi 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(9):6584-6593
A carbon paste electrode modified with p-chloranil and carbon nanotubes was used for the sensitive and selective voltammetric determination of hydroxylamine (HX) and phenol (PL). The oxidation of HX at the modified electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperommetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The values of the catalytic rate constant (k), and diffusion coefficient (D) for HX were calculated. Square wave voltammetric peaks current of HX and PL increased linearly with their concentrations at the ranges of 0.1–172.0 and 5.0–512.0 μmol L?1, respectively. The detection limits for HX and PL were 0.08 and 2.0 μmol L?1, respectively. The separation of the anodic peak potentials of HX and PL reached to 0.65 V, using square wave voltammetry. The proposed sensor was successfully applied for the determination of HX and PL in water and wastewater samples. 相似文献
236.
Mohammad Taghi Naseri Mansour Sarabadani Davood Ashrafi Hamdollah Saeidian Mehran Babri 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(2):907-916
The decomposition of highly toxic chemical warfare agent, sulfur mustard (bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide or HD), has been studied by homogeneous photolysis and heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation on titania nanoparticles. Direct photolysis degradation of HD with irradiation system was investigated. The photocatalytic degradation of HD was investigated in the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles and polyoxometalates embedded in titania nanoparticles in liquid phase at room temperature (33?±?2 °C). Degradation products during the treatment were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Whereas apparent first-order kinetics of ultraviolet (UV) photolysis were slow (0.0091 min?1), the highest degradation rate is obtained in the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles as nanophotocatalyst. Simultaneous photolysis and photocatalysis under the full UV radiation leads to HD complete destruction in 3 h. No degradation products observed in the presence of nanophotocatalyst without irradiation in 3 h. It was found that up to 90 % of agent was decomposed under of UV irradiation without TiO2, in 6 h. The decontamination mechanisms are often quite complex and multiple mechanisms can be operable such as hydrolysis, oxidation, and elimination. By simultaneously carrying out photolysis and photocatalysis in hexane, we have succeeded in achieving faster HD decontamination after 90 min with low catalyst loading. TiO2 nanoparticles proved to be a superior photocatalyst under UV irradiation for HD decontamination. 相似文献
237.
The objective of this study was to establish relationship between boron induced oxidative stress and antioxidant system in Vigna radiata plants and also to investigate whether brassinosteroids will enhance the level of antioxidant system that could confer tolerance to the plants from the boron induced oxidative stress. The mung bean (V. radiata cv. T-44) plants were administered with 0.50, 1.0 and 2.0 mM boron at 6 d stage for 7 d along with nutrient solution. At 13 d stage, the seedlings were sprayed with deionized water (control) or 10−8 M of 28-homobrassinolide and plants were harvested at 21 d stage to assess growth, leaf gas-exchange traits and biochemical parameters. The boron treatments diminished growth, water relations and photosynthetic attributes along with nitrate reductase and carbonic anhydrase activity in the concentration dependent manner whereas, it enhanced lipid peroxidation, electrolyte leakage, accumulation of H2O2 as well as proline, and various antioxidant enzymes in the leaves of mung bean which were more pronounced at higher concentrations of boron. However, the follow-up application of 28-homobrassinolide to the boron stressed plants improved growth, water relations and photosynthesis and further enhanced the various antioxidant enzymes viz. catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase and content of proline. The elevated level of antioxidant enzymes as well as proline could have conferred tolerance to the B-stressed plants resulting in improved growth, water relations and photosynthetic attributes. 相似文献
238.
Minori Uchimiya Leonid Gorb Mohammad M. Qasim 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(10):3048-3053
Extensive studies have been conducted in the past decades to predict the environmental abiotic and biotic redox fate of nitroaromatic and nitramine explosives. However, surprisingly little information is available on one-electron standard reduction potentials (Eo(R-NO2/R-NO2−)). The Eo(R-NO2/R-NO2−) is an essential thermodynamic parameter for predicting the rate and extent of reductive transformation for energetic residues. In this study, experimental (linear free energy relationships) and theoretical (ab initio calculation) approaches were employed to determine Eo(R-NO2/R-NO2−) for nitroaromatic, (caged) cyclic nitramine, and nitroimino explosives that are found in military installations or are emerging contaminants. The results indicate a close agreement between experimental and theoretical Eo(R-NO2/R-NO2−) and suggest a key trend: Eo(R-NO2/R-NO2−) value decreases from di- and tri-nitroaromatic (e.g., 2,4-dinitroanisole) to nitramine (e.g., RDX) to nitroimino compound (e.g., nitroguanidine). The observed trend in Eo(R-NO2/R-NO2−) agrees with reported rate trends for reductive degradation, suggesting a thermodynamic control on the reduction rate under anoxic/suboxic conditions. 相似文献
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Mohammad Khan Jamali Tasneem Gul Kazi Mohammad Bilal Arain Hassan Imran Afridi Nusrat Jalbani Jameel A. Baig Abdul Niaz 《The Environmentalist》2008,28(4):366-375
The recycling of sewage sludge on agriculture land represents an alternative, advantageous, disposal of this waste material.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of using industrial sewage sludge, produced in Pakistan, as a
fertiliser. Agricultural soil amended with 25% (w/w) sewage sludge with or without lime treatment was used for growing a variety
of sorghum (PARC-SS-1). The mobility of the heavy metals (HMs) (Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn) and metalloid (As) in the untreated
industrial waste water sewage sludge (UIWS) samples were assessed by applying a modified BCR (Community Bureau of Reference)
sequential extraction procedure. The single extraction procedure comprised of the application of mild extractant (CaCl2) and water for the estimation of the proportion of easily soluble metal fractions. The precision and accuracy of BCR was
evaluated by using a certified reference material of soil amended with sewage sludge BCR 483. The plant available metal contents,
as extracted by the deionised water and 0.01 M CaCl2 solution and exchangeable fraction of BCR sequential, decreased with lime application in the range of 10–44% for As, Cr,
Ni, Pb and Zn, except in the cases of Cd and Cu, where their mobility was increased by 10% and 24%, respectively. Sludge amendment
enhanced the dry weight yield of sorghum and the increase was more obvious after liming up to 25%. The uptake of HMs were
lower in test samples (3.2–21.8%), except for Cu and Cd, which was higher (4%), while they were below the permissible limit
of these metals. The present experiment demonstrates that liming was important in factors facilitating the growth of sorghum
in sludge-amended soil. 相似文献