Removal of malachite green from water samples by cloud point extraction using Triton X-100 as non-ionic surfactant

A surfactant mediated cloud point extraction (CPE) procedure has been developed to remove color from wastewater containing malachite green using Triton X-100 as non-ionic surfactant. The effects of the concentration of the surfactant, temperature and salt concentration on the different concentrations of dye have been studied and optimum conditions were obtained for the removal of malachite green. The concentration of malachite green in the dilute phase was measured using UV–Vis spectrophotometer. It was found that the separation of phases was complete and the recovery of malachite green was very effective in the presence of NaCl as an electrolyte. The results showed that up to 500 ppm of malachite green can quantitatively be removed (>95%) by CPE procedure in a single extraction using optimum conditions.     

Sensitivity of some groups of ordinary chernozem soil microorganisms to γ irradiation

The effect of γ irradiation at doses of 1, 5, 10, and 20 kGy on the microflora of ordinary chernozem soil has been studied. The time course of the restoration of the microorganism numbers over 180 days after γ irradiation has been studied in model experiments. The microorganism radioresistance decreases in the following order: amylolytic bacteria > Azotobacter > spore-forming bacteria > ammonifiers > micromycetes. A dose of 20 kGy has a 96% suppressing effect on all microorganisms. Model experiments on the restoration of the irradiated soil microflora have revealed different rates of increase in the numbers of microorganism groups depending on the dose and incubation time.     

VOC emission caps constrained by air quality targets based on response surface model: A case study in the Pearl River Delta Region, China

Because of the recent growth in ground-level ozone and increased emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), VOC emission control has become a major concern in China. In response, emission caps to control VOC have been stipulated in recent policies, but few of them were constrained by the co-control target of PM_2.5 and ozone, and discussed the factor that influence the emission cap formulation. Herein, we proposed a framework for quantification of VOC emission caps constrained by targets for PM_2.5 and ozone via a new response surface modeling (RSM) technique, achieving 50% computational cost savings of the quantification. In the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, the VOC emission caps constrained by air quality targets varied greatly with the NO_x emission reduction level. If control measures in the surrounding areas of the PRD region were not considered, there could be two feasible strategies for VOC emission caps to meet air quality targets (160 µg/m³ for the maximum 8-hr-average 90th-percentile (MDA8-90%) ozone and 25 µg/m³ for the annual average of PM_2.5): a moderate VOC emission cap with <20% NOx emission reductions or a notable VOC emission cap with >60% NO_x emission reductions. If the ozone concentration target were reduced to 155 µg/m³, deep NO_x emission reductions is the only feasible ozone control measure in PRD. Optimization of seasonal VOC emission caps based on the Monte Carlo simulation could allow us to gain higher ozone benefits or greater VOC emission reductions. If VOC emissions were further reduced in autumn, MDA8-90% ozone could be lowered by 0.3-1.5 µg/m³, equaling the ozone benefits of 10% VOC emission reduction measures. The method for VOC emission cap quantification and optimization proposed in this study could provide scientific guidance for coordinated control of regional PM_2.5 and O₃ pollution in China.     

紫根水葫芦对富营养化水体中氮磷的净化效果研究

以普通水葫芦和紫根水葫芦为试材,分别在室内和室外条件下,研究了两种水葫芦对富营养化水体中氮磷污染物的净化效果。结果表明:经过18d试验,不同条件下两种水葫芦均可提高水体中NH4+-N、NO3--N、TN、PO43--P、DTP和TP的去除率,且超过90%,但紫根水葫芦对氮磷污染物的去除率和去除速率均优于普通水葫芦。室内条件下,两种水葫芦均可降低碱性水体的pH值,紫根水葫芦组EC值高于普通水葫芦组的原因可能是由于其庞大的根系分泌了更多的化感物质;紫根水葫芦组ρ(DO)和ORP值均高于普通水葫芦组,表现出更好的水质净化效果。室外条件下,紫根水葫芦组水体中藻类的数量下降了4个数量级,明显好于普通水葫芦组和对照组。试验表明,紫根水葫芦不仅对富营养化水体中氮磷污染物的净化效果优于普通水葫芦,而且对水体理化指标的影响和藻类的去除效果均优于普通水葫芦,可以作为一种新型改良植物品种对富营养化水体进行修复。     

Sorption of Some Rare Earth Elements from Acidic Solution onto Poly(acrylic acid–co-acrylamide/16, 16-dimethylheptadecan-1-amine) Composite

Journal of Polymers and the Environment - In this study, Acrylic acid (AA), acrylamide (AM), and 16,16-dimethylheptadecan-1-amine (PJM-T) were copolymerized using gamma irradiation with 60Co...     

鹤壁市臭氧及VOCs污染特征、来源与减排控制策略分析

为解决鹤壁市臭氧（O₃）污染问题,基于2022年夏季（6~9月）常规污染物及挥发性有机物（VOCs）在线小时分辨率监测数据,采用OFP-PMF源解析-EKMA相结合的方法,进行O₃污染及其前体物VOCs来源与减排的污染控制策略分析. 结果表明,O₃多发生于高温低湿低压条件,芳香烃和含氧挥发性有机物（OVOCs）对臭氧生成潜势（OFP）及VOCs组分贡献较大,是活性和浓度优势物种. 源解析结果表明机动车尾气源（25.3%）是鹤壁市VOCs的主要来源,其次是工艺过程源（17.7%）和生物质燃烧源（17.6%）. 因此,与化石燃料及工业生产相关的排放源是鹤壁市大气VOCs的亟待控制源. 在O₃污染时期,鹤壁市臭氧生成处于VOCs控制区,基于EKMA的减排模拟结果显示,对VOCs和氮氧化物（NO_x）进行协同减排,且VOCs减排75%和NO_x减排10%时可以达到国家环境空气质量二级标准.     

Aminobenzenesulfonamide functionalized SBA-15 nanoporous molecular sieve: A new and promising adsorbent for preconcentration of lead and copper ions

A rapid method for the extraction and monitoring of nanogram level of Pb²⁺ and Cu²⁺ ions using uniform silanized mesopor (SBA-15) functionalized with aminobenzenesulfonamide groups and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) is presented. Aminobenzenesulfonamide functionalized SBA-15 was synthesized according to procedure in the literature and the presence of organic groups in the silica framework was demonstrated by FT-IR spectra. The functionalized product showed the BET surface area 110 m²/g and pore diameter 5.1 nm, based on adsorption-desorption of N₂ at 77 K. The effect of several variables such as (amount of adsorbent, stirring time, pH and presence of other ions in the medium) has been studied. Lead and copper were completely extracted at pH greater than 3 after stirring for 10 min. The maximum capacity of the adsorbent was found to be 191.3 ± 1.4 and 155.0 ± 1.0 μg of lead and copper ions/mg functionalized SBA-15, respectively. The preconcentration factor of the method was found to be 200. The detection limit of the technique was 3.4 and 0.4 ng/mL for Pb²⁺ and Cu²⁺, respectively. The applications of this methodology for real samples were examined by various water type, black tea and pepper samples.     

岩溶关键带微量元素运移的时空变化:以豫西鸡冠洞为例

为探索岩溶关键带元素运移时空变化特征及过程,自2009年10月至2015年5月对我国北方典型岩溶关键带——河南西部鸡冠洞相互作用带中各组分(大气降水、土壤、基岩、洞穴滴水、洞穴现代沉积物)进行了连续定点监测及取样分析,共获得650个实验数据.对比了Ca、Mg、Ba、Sr、δ~(13)C及元素比值在不同组分中的变化情况及运移规律.结果表明:(1)土壤与基岩是滴水的主要物质来源,Mg、Ba、Sr符合"土壤-基岩"二元物源模型,但各自所占比例并不相同.(2)在空间上,洞穴系统相互作用带中各元素迁移相互联系.滴水继承了土壤及基岩的信号,现代沉积物又能延续滴水各元素的信息.元素在土壤纵剖面中表现出了明显的淋溶和淀积作用,最下层土壤较好地继承了基岩中微量元素的信息.(3)在时间上,洞穴系统相互作用带中各元素迁移复杂多变.土壤及滴水受降水淋滤作用影响皆表现明显的季节差异,然在岩溶水运移路径、PCP作用、极端干旱和年降水雨型的影响下,滴水元素浓度旱、雨季差异明显较土壤小.而PCP作用及元素选择性淋滤等因素又改变了沉积物中元素对滴水元素的延续特性.     

酸碱复合改性海泡石亚结构特征及其对Cd(Ⅱ)吸附性能

为强化海泡石(Sep)对溶液中Cd²⁺的吸附性能,采用酸碱复合改性处理获得改性海泡石(ABsep),借助氮气吸脱附等温线、SEM-EDS、TEM、FTIR和XRD等技术分析了改性前后海泡石的结构特征,采用静态吸附实验研究了时间、ABsep/Cd²⁺质量比、温度、吸附剂用量、pH及共存离子等因素对ABsep吸附Cd²⁺的影响.结果表明,ABsep孔隙结构发达,比表面积、平均孔径和孔容分别较改性前增加66.1%、15.7%和34.8%,可交换性离子含量有所增加,主要成分为SiO₂和Mg(OH)₂.改性前后海泡石对Cd²⁺吸附过程能较好地以准二级动力学方程和Langmuir模型进行拟合,且均为自发吸热反应,以化学吸附为主并伴有物理性吸附;最佳ABsep/Cd²⁺质量比为3:1;298 K时Sips拟合ABsep对Cd²⁺最大饱和吸附量为142.43 mg·g^-1,为改性前海泡石的3.55倍;随着吸...     

Survey of discomfort glare from the headlamps of cars widely used in Iran

Objective: On 2-lane roads, discomfort glare can cause annoyance, discomfort, inconvenience, stress, and fatigue to drivers, posing a risk of accidents. The aim of this study is to evaluate discomfort glare from the headlamps of cars widely used in Iran.

Methods: The discomfort glare of new vehicles including Pride Saba model GTX, Pride Model 131SL, Samand Soren, Peugeot 405, Megane, and Peugeot Pars was examined at distances of 5 to 100 m at a background luminance of 50 cd/m² (late twilight/early dawn lighting) and 1 cd/m² (nighttime) using Schmidt-Clausen and Bindels model and de Boer's subjective scale.

Results: According to the de Boer scale, at a background luminance of 50 cd/m², the discomfort glare for all studied vehicles was between 1.98 and 4.05 in high-beam mode and between 3.5 and 5.4 in low-beam mode. At a background luminance of 1 cd/m², discomfort glare was between 0.41 and 2.48 in high-beam mode and between 1.93 and 3.84 in low-beam mode. In high-beam mode, the average levels of discomfort glare of these vehicles gradually increased when the distance between cars was reduced by up to about 20 m. In low-beam mode, there was no discomfort glare up to a vehicle distance of 40 m. In addition, at an angle of 1.15°–5.73° between the line of sight and light of vehicles in high-beam mode, the level of discomfort glare was increased, but at an angle of 5.73°–22.9° the level of discomfort glare was reduced. In low-beam mode at an angle of 2.86°–22.9°, the level of discomfort glare was almost identical. The results show that in high-beam mode and with a 100-m distance between vehicles as well as in low-beam mode at intervals of less than 40 m between cars, discomfort glare is created.

Conclusion: It can be concluded that by providing solutions such as installing road lighting system, an increase in luminance of roads, separating or widening road lanes, increasing the lateral distance between vehicles, and increasing the angle between lighted vehicles and drivers can noticeably reduce discomfort glare.