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171.
One possible route to responsible environmental management now under active discussion in the European Community (EC) is a European-wide environmental auditing program. The issue currently being debated by the EC's policy body is what form the program should take—mandatory or voluntary. Whatever the final form of the regulation, environmental management is about to gain added significance in boardrooms throughout Europe and the environmental auditing industry is about to experience a dramatic period of growth in the EC. 相似文献
172.
John Cairns Nancy H. Cromer Timothy K. Bahns William T. Waller 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1971,7(5):956-968
ABSTRACT. A total of 203 bluegill sunfish (Lepornis macrochirus, Rafinesque) which had been used in several acute zinc experiments carried out under varied environmental conditions were autopsied according to Mount's procedure for determining fish mortality due to zinc poisoning. Three classes of fish were used: those exposed to but not killed by zinc; those killed by zinc; and those not exposed to zinc. Two statistical tests were used to analyze these data and both tests gave results indicating significant differences (a = .05) between all three classes of fish. This indicates that the Mount autopsy technique is very probably a valid generalization. The possibilities of using Mount's technique as a predictive tool are discussed. 相似文献
173.
We applied the Theory of Planned Behavior to help understand the relationships between environmental beliefs, support for
ecosystem restoration actions, and willingness to pay (WTP) for restoration and protection goals in the Hudson River estuary,
New York State, USA. We conducted a mail survey with 3,000 randomly-chosen local residents of the Hudson River estuary in
the fall of 1999. As hypothesized, the broad ecosystem restoration goals of the Hudson River Estuary Action Plan were more
strongly supported than the corresponding specific implementation actions. We found that beliefs and past behavior were better
explanatory variables than sociodemographic characteristics for explaining people's support for ecosystem restoration actions
and WTP for restoration and protection goals. Because ecosystem restoration goals appear to be more generally acceptable than
specific restoration actions, proponents of restoration programs should not become complacent about the need for active public
outreach and involvement even if initial restoration program discussions have been low in controversy. Efforts to assess and
foster support for ecosystem restoration should be targeted toward audiences identified on the basis of beliefs and past behaviors
rather than on sociodemographic characteristics. 相似文献
174.
Nancy T. Baker 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1993,29(3):445-448
ABSTRACT: A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to develop an automated procedure for identifying the primary aquifers supplying ground water to individual wells in eastern Arkansas. As mandated by state law, water-use data are reported by ground-water withdrawers annually to the Arkansas Soil and Water Conservation Commission, and stored in the Arkansas Site-Specific Water-Use Data System provided and supported by the U.S. Geological Survey. Although most withdrawers are able to provide the amount of water withdrawn and the depth of their wells, very few are able to provide the name of the aquifer from which they withdraw water. GIS software was used to develop an automated procedure for identifying the primary aquifers supplying ground water to individual wells in eastern Arkansas. The software was used to generate a spatial representation of the bottom boundary for the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer (the shallowest aquifer) in eastern Arkansas from well log-data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey. The software was then used to determine the depth of the aquifer bottom at reported well locations to ascertain whether the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer or a deeper aquifer was the primary aquifer providing water to each well. The alluvial aquifer was identified as the primary aquifer for about 23,500 wells. 相似文献
175.
Karl F. Nordstrom Nancy L. Jackson John P. Tiefenbacher 《Environmental management》1990,14(2):195-202
An evaluation of coastal processes, shoreline erosion, and shore management options for Conference House Park, New York, USA,
reveals the problems associated with lack of congruence between jurisdictional boundaries and boundaries required for maintenance
of beaches and shorefront park land. Rates of shoreline change are high despite low wave energies because bay beaches contain
small amounts of sand. The park is so narrow in places that the shoreline will soon move out of park boundaries. This condition
will eliminate natural beach resources, restrict access, and create political and administrative problems. Management strategies
include revetment construction, beach nourishment, and acquisition of additional land. Obtaining the maximum length of shorefront
to create a park may be less cost effective in maintaining natural beach resources than obtaining a shorter frontage and more
compact shape that allows for shoreline movement. The problems of managing eroding shorelines in urban estuaries are acute
because space is lacking, the cost of land is high, and the critical nature of shoreline erosion is disguised by low wave
energies and lack of daily beach change. 相似文献
176.
ABSTRACT: Adequate water supplies are critical to the maintenance of a community's health and economic well-being. Across the nation communities are struggling to meet an expanding demand for water from municipal, industrial, agricultural, recreation, water quality, and power generation users. As the demand grows and communities actively compete with one another for a limited water supply, states are being called upon to help solve the problem. One possible solution that is being used in many areas is the development and implementation of a water conservation program to stretch the limited supply as far as possible. using a mailed survey, state water conservation programs and some of the characteristics of the different programs were documented. Responses to the nationwide survey were obtained from all 50 states. The specific water conservation program elements on which information was received from the survey included laws and restricted use, community assistance, education, research, and other services. Recommendations for states developing or considering the development of a water conservation program are outlined. 相似文献
177.
Background
There is little available data on chemical use patterns by companies, with few federal requirements for reporting. This results in difficulties for targeting toxics for possible substitution, assisting employers with complying with newer international regulations, and decreased ability to estimate health and environmental impacts.Methods
Massachusetts chemical use data for manufacturers required under the Toxics Use Reduction Act (TURA) was acquired, with corresponding information on industrial sector classification and employment levels by sector for both Massachusetts (MA) and Connecticut (CT). The MA chemical data was adjusted based on the ratio of employment levels by sector for CT compared to MA to give estimates of chemical usage by sector in CT.Results
It was estimated that there was over 660 million pounds of chemicals used in CT, with over 300 million pounds each of carcinogens and reproductive hazards (categories overlap). The most common chemicals estimated to be used were styrene monomer (266 million lbs.), sodium hydroxide (60 million lbs.), and methanol (50 million lbs.). The industrial sub-sectors estimated with the highest chemical usage were chemical manufacturing, plastics and rubber products manufacturing, and fabricated metal product manufacturing.Conclusion
There is extensive chemical use in CT manufacturing, but little direct information on actual use patterns. 相似文献178.
Evaluation of biostimulation and Tween 80 addition for the bioremediation of long-term DDT-contaminated soil 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The bioremediation of a long-term contaminated soil through biostimulation and surfactant addition was evaluated. The concentrations of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) and its metabolites 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDD) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethylene (DDE) were monitored during an 8-week remediation process. Physicochemical characterization of the treated soil was performed before and after the bioremediation process. The isolation and identification of predominant microorganisms during the remediation process were also carried out. The efficiency of detoxification was evaluated after each bioremediation protocol. Humidity and pH and the heterotrophic microorganism count were monitored weekly. The DDT concentration was reduced by 79% after 8 weeks via biostimulation with surfactant addition (B + S) and 94.3% via biostimulation alone (B). Likewise, the concentrations of the metabolites DDE and DDD were reduced to levels below the quantification limits. The microorganisms isolated during bioremediation were identified as Bacillus thuringiensis, Flavobacterium sp., Cuprivadius sp., Variovorax soli, Phenylobacterium sp. and Lysobacter sp., among others. Analysis with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) allowed visualization of the colonization patterns of soil particles. The toxicity of the soil before and after bioremediation was evaluated using Vibrio fischeri as a bioluminescent sensor. A decrease in the toxic potential of the soil was verified by the increase of the concentration/effect relationship EC50 to 26.9% and 27.2% for B + S and B, respectively, compared to 0.4% obtained for the soil before treatment and 2.5% by natural attenuation after 8 weeks of treatment. 相似文献
179.
Bibiana Betancur-Corredor Nancy J.Pino Santiago Cardona Gustavo A.Peuela 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2015,28(2):101-109
The bioremediation of a long-term contaminated soil through biostimulation and surfactant addition was evaluated. The concentrations of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane(DDT) and its metabolites 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethane(DDD) and1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethylene(DDE) were monitored during an 8-week remediation process. Physicochemical characterization of the treated soil was performed before and after the bioremediation process. The isolation and identification of predominant microorganisms during the remediation process were also carried out. The efficiency of detoxification was evaluated after each bioremediation protocol. Humidity and p H and the heterotrophic microorganism count were monitored weekly. The DDT concentration was reduced by 79% after 8 weeks via biostimulation with surfactant addition(B + S) and 94.3%via biostimulation alone(B). Likewise, the concentrations of the metabolites DDE and DDD were reduced to levels below the quantification limits. The microorganisms isolated during bioremediation were identified as Bacillus thuringiensis, Flavobacterium sp., Cuprivadius sp.,Variovorax soli, Phenylobacterium sp. and Lysobacter sp., among others. Analysis with scanning electron microscopy(SEM) allowed visualization of the colonization patterns of soil particles. The toxicity of the soil before and after bioremediation was evaluated using Vibrio fischeri as a bioluminescent sensor. A decrease in the toxic potential of the soil was verified by the increase of the concentration/effect relationship EC50 to 26.9% and 27.2% for B + S and B, respectively, compared to 0.4% obtained for the soil before treatment and 2.5%by natural attenuation after 8 weeks of treatment. 相似文献
180.