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521.
White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) is the major and most serious pathogen in shrimp aquaculture industries. By using a sensitive PCR-based detection technique followed by sequencing multiple PCR products for confirmation, we address to the question of whether WSSV can persist in shrimp ponds and surrounding areas after an outbreak. The seawater samples were taken from two shrimp ponds and surrounding canals in a coastal area in northern Vietnam, Quang Ninh Province where the shrimps cultured in the two ponds had been killed due to a WSSV outbreak in April 2001 and the ponds were thereafter abandoned. A total of 480 seawater samples (30 samples each for July and December of 2001 and 2002) were subjected to WSSV genome detection. Although the detection rates of WSSV genome were generally gradually declined in seawater environments of both diseased shrimp ponds and surrounding canals, WSSV was still detected with rates of more than 10% in the diseased ponds and lower in surrounding canals in December 2002, 20 months after the WSSV outbreak. 相似文献
522.
This study examined the effects of troposphere ozone (O3) on rice by developing a portable ozone fumigation system and applied to the field in Hanoi, Vietnam. The system was nearly identical to the open top chamber but designed to easily and cheaply assess the O3 sensitivity of local agricultural crops in the actual field. The rice (Oryza sativa L.) was exposed to ozone during the flowering stage at peri-urban experimental site of Hanoi. The fumigation protocols covered five different levels, namely; non-filtered air (ambient) as the control treatment, 32, 62, 85 and 113 ppb in 7-h mean. It was found that observed impacts corresponded well to similar open-top chamber studies in other Asian countries. The methodology and the system left a large room for improvement and called for very careful interpretation and pre-conditions (e.g. low ambient O3 concentration). However, the portable O3 exposure in the field might open a door to the less developed countries to implement the phytotoxic risk assessment of the local agricultural species. 相似文献
523.
Metallic elements (As, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, K, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Zn) in PM10 aerosols were determined at urban and industrial sites, which are affected by traffic and residential sources, metallurgical activity, and petrochemical and steel works. The effect of the long-range transported Asian Dust on the metal content of aerosols was also examined. At the urban sampling site, concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, Se, and Zn were assigned to road traffic and combustion sources, Ca and Fe to soil dust sources from long-range transported Asian Dusts, and Cr and Ni to metallurgical sources transported from the nearby industrial complex, based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Enhanced Cr and Ni concentrations at the metallurgical industrial site suggest that local emissions from metal-assembly facilities and manufacture of alloys contributed to elevated levels of those metals. We also observed that petrochemical activities contributed to increased levels of Sb and Zn. When Asian Dust events occurred, Ca, Fe, K, and Zn concentrations dramatically increased compared to values without the Asian Dust. Two different types of Asian Dust events were observed. For the Asian Dust event 1 (4/1/2007), the Fe and K concentrations were much higher by a factor of 2–3 than those for the Asian Dust event 2 (3/2/2008), while As, Mn, and Zn concentrations were significantly higher on the Asian Dust event 2. Backward trajectory analysis showed that for the Asian Dust event 2, the air mass had passed over the heavily industrialized zones in China during long-range transport to the current sampling site, suggesting that the As, Mn, and Zn may have originated from industrial sources. 相似文献
524.
525.
Reduction and recycling initiatives such as producer responsibility and pay-as-you-throw are being implemented in Taiwan. This paper presents a study assessing the impact of recently implemented municipal solid waste (MSW) reduction and recycling management strategies on the characteristics of waste feedstock for incineration in Taiwan. Through the periodic sampling of two typical MSW incineration plants, proximate and ultimate analyses were conducted according to standard methods to explore the influence of MSW reduction and recycling management strategies on incineration feed waste characteristics. It was observed that the annual amount of MSW generated in 2005 decreased by about 10% compared to 2003 and that the characteristics of MSW have changed significantly due to recent management strategies. The heating value of the MSW generated in Taiwan increased yearly by about 5% after program implementation. A comparison of the monthly variations in chemical concentrations indicated that the chlorine content in MSW has changed. This change results from usage reduction of PVC plastic due to the recycling fund management (RFM) program, and the food waste as well as salt content reduction due to the total recycling for kitchen garbage program. This achievement will improve the reduction of dioxin emissions from MSW incineration. In summary, management strategies must be conducted in tandem with the global trend to achieve a zero-waste-discharge country. When implementing these strategies and planning for future MSW management systems, it is important to consider the changes that may occur in the composition and characteristics of MSW over time. 相似文献
526.
Tomonori Ishigaki Chu Van Chung Nguyen Nhu Sang Michihiko Ike Koji Otsuka Masato Yamada Yuzo Inoue 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2008,10(2):165-172
A methodology for estimating the methane emissions from waste landfills in Hanoi, Vietnam, as part of a case study on Asian
cities, was derived based on a survey of documents and statistics related to waste management, interviews with persons in
charge, and field investigations at landfill sites. The waste management system in Hanoi was analyzed to evaluate the methane
emissions from waste landfill sites. The quantity of waste deposited into the landfill was evaluated from an investigation
of the waste stream. The composition of municipal waste was surveyed in several districts in the Hanoi city area, and the
quantities of degradable organic waste that had been deposited into landfill for the past 15 years were estimated. Field surveys
on methane emissions from landfills of different ages (0.5, 2, and 8 years) were conducted and their methane emissions were
estimated to be 120, 22.5, and 4.38 ml/min/m2, respectively. The first-order reaction rate of methane generation was obtained as 0.51/year. Methane emissions from waste
landfills were calculated by a first-order decay model using this emission factor and the amount of landfilled degradable
waste. The estimates of methane emissions using the model accorded well with the estimates of the field survey. These results
revealed that methane emissions from waste landfills estimated by regional-specific and precise information on the waste stream
are essential for accurately determining the behavior of methane emissions from waste landfills in the past, present, and
future. 相似文献
527.
An evaluation of alternative household solid waste treatment practices using life cycle inventory assessment mode 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Waste disposal is an important part of the life cycle of a product and is associated with environmental burdens like any other
life-cycle stages. In this study, an integrated assessment for solid waste treatment practices, especially household solid
waste, was undertaken to evaluate the impact contribution of household solid waste treatment alternatives towards the sustainable
development by using Life Cycle Inventory Assessment method. A case study has been investigated under various possible scenarios, such as (1) landfill without landfill gas recovery,
(2) landfill with landfill gas recovery and flaring, (3) landfill with landfill gas recovery and electric generation, (4)
composting, and (5) incineration. The evaluation utilized the Life Cycle Inventory Assessment method for multiple assessments based on various aspects, such as greenhouse gas emission/reduction, energy generation/consumption,
economic benefit, investment and operating cost, and land use burden. The results showed that incineration was the most efficient
alternative for greenhouse gas emission reduction, economic benefit, energy recovery, and land use reduction, although it
was identified as the most expensive for investment and operating cost, while composting scenario was also an efficient alternative
with quite economic benefit, low investment and operating cost, and high reduction of land use, although it was identified
as existing greenhouse gas emission and no energy generation. Furthermore, the aim of this study was also to establish localized
assessment methods that waste management agencies, environmental engineers, and environmental policy decision makers can use
to quantify and compare the contribution to the impacts from different waste treatment options. 相似文献
528.
Kuo JY Ko FC Cheng JO Meng PJ Li JJ Hung CC 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(5):2967-2979
Surface sediment samples were collected in He-Ping Harbor and the nearby He-Ping Estuary from 2005 to 2006 to examine spatial
and temporal variability in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations. The sum of the 16 USEPA priority pollutant
PAHs varied from 8 to 312 ng/g dry weight, which was relatively low compared to values obtained from other studies in the
world. Regarding temporal changes in the PAH profile, total PAH concentrations in the wet season were lower than during the
dry season in He-Ping Harbor. However, the concentration of PAHs exhibited no significant difference in the four seasons in
the He-Ping Estuary. PAH concentrations in He-Ping Harbor were higher than those in the He-Ping Estuary. In comparison with
sediment quality guidelines, PAH concentrations of sediments in this study were lower than those outlined in the criteria,
which suggests no evident adverse biological effects due to PAHs around the He-Ping coast. Ratios of specific PAH compounds
calculated to assess the possible sources of PAHs reflect that PAHs in He-Ping Harbor may mainly be from pyrogenic coal combustion. 相似文献
529.
Joon-Woo Kim Nguyen Minh Tue Tomohiko Isobe Kentaro Misaki Shin Takahashi Pham Hung Viet Shinsuke Tanabe 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(4):2909-2919
There are very few reports on the contamination by perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) in the environment of developing countries, especially regarding their emission from waste recycling and disposal sites. This is the first study on the occurrence of a wide range of PFCs (17 compounds) in ambient water in Vietnam, including samples collected from a municipal dumping site (MD), an e-waste recycling site (ER), a battery recycling site (BR) and a rural control site. The highest PFC concentration was found in a leachate sample from MD (360 ng/L). The PFC concentrations in ER and BR (mean, 57 and 16 ng/L, respectively) were also significantly higher than those detected in the rural control site (mean, 9.4 ng/L), suggesting that municipal solid waste and waste electrical and electronic equipment are potential contamination sources of PFCs in Vietnam. In general, the most abundant PFCs were perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUDA; <1.4–100, <1.2–100, and <0.5–20 ng/L, respectively). Interestingly, there were specific PFC profiles: perfluoroheptanoic acid and perfluorohexanoic acid (88 and 77 ng/L, respectively) were almost as abundant as PFOA in MD leachate (100 ng/L), whereas PFNA was prevalent in ER and BR (mean, 17 and 6.2 ng/L, respectively) and PFUDA was the most abundant in municipal wastewater (mean, 5.6 ng/L), indicating differences in PFC contents in different waste materials. 相似文献
530.
Ni-Bin Chang Ho-Wen Chen Shu-Kuang Ning Hsin-Yi Hsu Kwang-Tsao Shao Tsu-Chang Hung 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2010,15(5):329-344
Sizing a new reservoir is a challenging task, which normally requires simultaneously a cost-effective, risk-informed, and
forward-looking decision analysis with respect to basin-wide hydrological features, environmental quality, and biological
integrity. Such a sustainable planning approach takes into account the global trend to balance the needs of economic growth,
ecological conservation, and environmental protection. To achieve the goal of sustainability, emphasis in this paper was placed
upon the correlation of three physical, chemical, and biological indices, including the dissolved oxygen (DO), the 5-day biochemical
oxygen demand (BOD5), and the index of biotic integrity (IBI), for the optimal planning of a reservoir in a river basin. This new methodological
paradigm has been employed for sizing an off-stream reservoir in the Hou-Lung River Basin, central Taiwan. The internal linkage
between the water quality parameters (DO and BOD5) and the IBI levels further enables us to formulate a special biotic integrity constraint which reflects fish community attributes
to suit a relatively low-density and unspecialized freshwater fish fauna in response to the changing water quality conditions
in the river basin. The tradeoffs among economic, environmental, and ecological aspects for reservoir sizing can then be based
on the river flow patterns, the water demand, the water quality standards, and the anticipated biological integrity in some
critical river reaches. Findings in a preliminary case study suggest that an optimal pumping scheme may be smoothly maintained
on a yearly basis within a combined multicriteria and multiobjective decision-making process. 相似文献