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101.
Juhani Smolander Kalev Kuklane Désirée Gavhed Håkan Nilsson 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2013,19(2):111-117
The aim of the study was to examine the effects of wearing an ice-vest (ca 1 kg) on physiological and subjective responses in fire fighters. The experiments were carried out on a treadmill in a hot-dry environment. The physical cooling effect of the ice-vest was measured with a thermal manikin. The ice-vest effectively reduced skin temperatures under the vest. On average, heart rate was 10 beats/min lower, the amount of sweating was reduced by 13%, and subjective sensations of effort and warmth were lower during work with the ice-vest compared to work without it. Thermal manikin tests indicated that the useful energy available from the vest for body cooling was rather high (58%). In conclusion, the ice-vest reduces physiological and subjective strain responses during heavy work in the heat, and may promote efficient work time by 10%. 相似文献
102.
Anders E. af Wåhlberg 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2013,19(2):159-171
Driver celeration (speed change) behavior of bus drivers measured a number of times was used to predict their culpable accidents over increasing time periods. It was found that predictive power was considerable (>.30 correlation) over 5 years of time with aggregated celeration (mean of repeated measurements) as independent variables, and there were also indications that power reached even further, although too low Ns made these results unreliable. Similarly, there were indications of even stronger correlations with increased aggregation of celeration values. The results were discussed in terms of the methodology needed to bring out such results, and the stability of accident-causing behavior over time. 相似文献
103.
Field application of animal manure is a major cause of odor nuisance in the local environment. Therefore, there is a need for methods for measuring the effect of technologies for reducing odor after manure application. In this work, chemical methods were used to identify key odorants from field application of pig manure based on experiments with surface application by trailing hoses and soil injection. Results from three consecutive years of field trials with full-scale equipment are reported. Methods applied were: membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS), proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS), gold-film hydrogen sulfide (H?S) detection, all performed on site, and thermal desorption gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS) based on laboratory analyses of field samples. Samples were collected from a static flux chamber often used for obtaining samples for dynamic olfactometry. While all methods were capable of detecting relevant odorants, PTR-MS gave the most comprehensive results. Based on odor threshold values, 4-methylphenol, H?S, and methanethiol are suggested as key odorants. Significant odorant reductions by soil injection were consistently observed in all trials. The flux chamber technique was demonstrated to be associated with critical errors due to compound instabilities in the chamber. This was most apparent for H?S, on a time scale of a few minutes, and on a longer time scale for methanethiol. 相似文献
104.
Rosenfeld J Hogan D Palm D Lundquist H Nilsson C Beechie TJ 《Environmental management》2011,47(1):28-39
Sediment size and supply exert a dominant control on channel structure. We review the role of sediment supply in channel structure,
and how regional differences in sediment supply and landuse affect stream restoration priorities. We show how stream restoration
goals are best understood within a common fluvial geomorphology framework defined by sediment supply, storage, and transport.
Landuse impacts in geologically young landscapes with high sediment yields (e.g., coastal British Columbia) typically result
in loss of instream wood and accelerated sediment inputs from bank erosion, logging roads, hillslopes and gullies. In contrast,
northern Sweden and Finland are landscapes with naturally low sediment yields caused by low relief, resistant bedrock, and
abundant mainstem lakes that act as sediment traps. Landuse impacts involved extensive channel narrowing, removal of obstructions,
and bank armouring with boulders to facilitate timber floating, thereby reducing sediment supply from bank erosion while increasing
export through higher channel velocities. These contrasting landuse impacts have pushed stream channels in opposite directions
(aggradation versus degradation) within a phase-space defined by sediment transport and supply. Restoration in coastal British
Columbia has focused on reducing sediment supply (through bank and hillslope stabilization) and restoring wood inputs. In
contrast, restoration in northern Fennoscandia (Sweden and Finland) has focused on channel widening and removal of bank-armouring
boulders to increase sediment supply and retention. These contrasting restoration priorities illustrate the consequences of
divergent regional landuse impacts on sediment supply, and the utility of planning restoration activities within a mechanistic
sediment supply-transport framework. 相似文献
105.
Bhawna Singh Anders H. Strømman Edgar Hertwich 《International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control》2011,5(3):457-466
Hybrid life cycle assessment has been used to assess the environmental impacts of natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) electricity generation with carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS). The CCS chain modeled in this study consists of carbon dioxide (CO2) capture from flue gas using monoethanolamine (MEA), pipeline transport and storage in a saline aquifer.Results show that the sequestration of 90% CO2 from the flue gas results in avoiding 70% of CO2 emissions to the atmosphere per kWh and reduces global warming potential (GWP) by 64%. Calculation of other environmental impacts shows the trade-offs: an increase of 43% in acidification, 35% in eutrophication, and 120–170% in various toxicity impacts. Given the assumptions employed in this analysis, emissions of MEA and formaldehyde during capture process and generation of reclaimer wastes contributes to various toxicity potentials and cause many-fold increase in the on-site direct freshwater ecotoxicity and terrestrial ecotoxicity impacts. NOx from fuel combustion is still the dominant contributor to most direct impacts, other than toxicity potentials and GWP. It is found that the direct emission of MEA contribute little to human toxicity (HT < 1%), however it makes 16% of terrestrial ecotoxicity impact. Hazardous reclaimer waste causes significant freshwater and marine ecotoxicity impacts. Most increases in impact are due to increased fuel requirements or increased investments and operating inputs.The reductions in GWP range from 58% to 68% for the worst-case to best-case CCS system. Acidification, eutrophication and toxicity potentials show an even large range of variation in the sensitivity analysis. Decreases in energy use and solvent degradation will significantly reduce the impact in all categories. 相似文献
106.
E. Petter Axelsson Joakim Hj?lt��n Thomas G. Whitham Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto Gilles Pilate Anders Wennstr?m 《Chemoecology》2011,21(3):161-169
Bioassays with a non-target slug (Deroceras spp.) and chemical analyses were conducted using leaf tissue from already existing genetically modified insect-resistant
aspen trees to examine whether genetic modifications to produce Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins could affect plant phytochemistry, which in turn might influence plant–herbivore interactions. Three major patterns
emerged. First, two independent modifications for Bt resistance affected the phytochemical profiles of leaves such that both
were different from the isogenic wild-type (Wt) control leaves, but also different from each other. Among the contributors
to these differences are substances with a presumed involvement in resistance, such as salicortin and soluble condensed tannins.
Second, bioassays with one Bt line suggest that the modification somehow affected innate resistance (“Innate” is used here
in opposition to the “acquired” Bt resistance) in ways such that slugs preferred Bt over Wt leaves. Third, the preference
test suggests that the innate resistance in Bt relative to Wt plants may not be uniformly expressed throughout the whole plant
and that leaf ontogeny interacts with the modification to affect resistance. This was manifested through an ontogenetic determined
increase in leaf consumption that was more than four times higher in Bt compared to Wt leaves. Our result are of principal
importance, as these indicate that genetic modifications can affect innate resistance and thus non-target herbivores in ways
that may have commercial and/or environmental consequences. The finding of a modification–ontogeny interaction effect on innate
resistance may be especially important in assessments of GM plants with a long lifespan such as trees. 相似文献
107.
Resin acids are constituents of natural and technical products of widespread use. Exposure is known to cause health effects in the airways and on the skin. Liquid chromatography/positive ion electrospray-mass spectrometry (HPLC/pos ESI-MS) was investigated for determination of 7-oxodehydroabietic (7-OXO), dehydroabietic (DHAA) and abietic acid (AA) in wood dust-containing air samples as a derivatisation-free alternative to the GC/FID HSE method 83/2, developed by the Health and Safety Executive UK. The resin acid 7-OXO was measured as a marker for oxidised resin acids, which are known to be the main contact allergens in colophonium. The found detection limits were 0.42 ng m(-3) for 7-OXO, 5.2 ng m(-3) for DHAA and 9.4 ng m(-3) for AA, respectively, which are considerably lower than with the GC/FID method (24, 115 and 89 ng m(-3)). The two methods correlated well, although consistently and significantly lower concentrations of 7-OXO were detected with LC/MS. The higher concentration of this compound with MDHS 83/2 is suggested to be an artefact from the derivatisation step in the presence of soluble wood dust remains. 相似文献
108.
Partial migration is a common phenomenon among many animals and occurs in many types of ecosystems. Understanding the mechanisms behind partial migration is of major importance for the understanding of population dynamics and, eventually, ecosystem processes. We studied the effects of food availability on the seasonal partial migration of cyprinid fish from a lake to connected streams during winter by the use of passive telemetry. Fish with increased access to food were found to migrate in higher proportion, earlier in the season, and to reside in the streams for a longer period compared to fish with decreased access to food. Furthermore, fewer unfed migrants returned to the lake, indicating higher overwinter mortality. Our results suggest that individual fish trade off safety from predation and access to food differently depending on their body condition, which results in a condition-dependent partial migration. Hence, our main conclusion is that individual decision-making is based on assessment of own condition which offers a mechanistic explanation to partial migration. Moreover, this may be of high importance for understanding population responses to environmental variation as well as ecosystem dynamics and stability. 相似文献
109.
Calculations of large-scale displacement distances were made to evaluate the combined effect of small-scale movement pattern of a Collembola, Protaphorura armata. The effect of presence of food and conspecific density on turning angle, step length and activity/motility was investigated. Calculations of net square displacement were made both by assuming correlated random walk (CRW) and by resampling data to account for correlation structures in movement patterns that violate the assumptions of CRW. 相似文献
110.
Life cycle assessment of waste paper management: The importance of technology data and system boundaries in assessing recycling and incineration 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Hanna Merrild Anders Damgaard Thomas H. Christensen 《Resources, Conservation and Recycling》2008,52(12):1391-1398
The significance of technical data, as well as the significance of system boundary choices, when modelling the environmental impact from recycling and incineration of waste paper has been studied by a life cycle assessment focusing on global warming potentials. The consequence of choosing a specific set of data for the reprocessing technology, the virgin paper manufacturing technology and the incineration technology, as well as the importance of the recycling rate was studied. Furthermore, the system was expanded to include forestry and to include fossil fuel energy substitution from saved biomass, in order to study the importance of the system boundary choices. For recycling, the choice of virgin paper manufacturing data is most important, but the results show that also the impacts from the reprocessing technologies fluctuate greatly. For the overall results the choice of the technology data is of importance when comparing recycling including virgin paper substitution with incineration including energy substitution. Combining an environmentally high or low performing recycling technology with an environmentally high or low performing incineration technology can give quite different results. The modelling showed that recycling of paper, from a life cycle point of view, is environmentally equal or better than incineration with energy recovery only when the recycling technology is at a high environmental performance level. However, the modelling also showed that expanding the system to include substitution of fossil fuel energy by production of energy from the saved biomass associated with recycling will give a completely different result. In this case recycling is always more beneficial than incineration, thus increased recycling is desirable. Expanding the system to include forestry was shown to have a minor effect on the results. As assessments are often performed with a set choice of data and a set recycling rate, it is questionable how useful the results from this kind of LCA are for a policy maker. The high significance of the system boundary choices stresses the importance of scientific discussion on how to best address system analysis of recycling, for paper and other recyclable materials. 相似文献