不同产地原油的碳稳定同位素组成特征研究

本文应用GC/MS、GC/IRMS和EA/IRMS等方法对6种不同产地原油的特征比值, 全油和正构烷烃组分的碳稳定同位素组成进行分析, 研究不同产地原油的碳稳定同位素组成特征, 并探讨其原因。结果显示, 6种原油的C₁₉+C₂₀/(C₁₉~C₂₂)、OEP₁和CPI_13-22特征比值不存在显著性差异, 不能作为区分这6种原油的有效指标。原油全样的δ13C值差异明显, 阿曼δ13C值最轻为-33.4‰, 巴西最重为-24.5‰, 其余4种原油介于两者之间。GC/IRMS分析结果显示不同油种具有不同的碳稳定同位素组成特征, 6种原油的正构烷烃δ13C值和分布曲线明显不同。单因素方差分析结果显示除个别油样外, 不同原油两两之间全油δ13C值和nC₂₀的δ13C值差异性显著(P < 0.05)。实验结果表明, 特征比值和碳稳定同位素组成相结合能更加有效的区分不同种类原油, 油品中同位素组成特征差异可为原油种类鉴别和溯源提供一个有效的技术支撑。     

Assessment of inherent vulnerability of forests at landscape level: a case study from Western Ghats in India

Assessment of vulnerability is an important step in building long-term resilience in the forestry sector. The objective of this paper is to present a methodological approach to assess inherent vulnerability of forests at landscape level. The approach involves use of vulnerability indicators, the pairwise comparison method, and geographic information system (GIS) tools. We apply this approach to assess the inherent vulnerability of forests of the Western Ghats Karnataka (WGK) landscape, which is a part of the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot in India. Four vulnerability indicators, namely biological richness, disturbance index, canopy cover, and slope, are selected. We find that forests in 30, 36, 19, and 15 % grid points in this region show low, medium, high, and very high inherent vulnerability, respectively. The forest showing high and very high inherent vulnerability are mostly dry deciduous forests and plantations located largely on the eastern side of the landscape. We also find that canopy cover is one of the key indicators that determine the inherent vulnerability of forests, and natural forests are inherently less vulnerable than man-made plantations. Spatial assessment of inherent vulnerability of forests at landscape level is particularly useful for developing strategies to build resilience to current stressors and climate change in future.     

Vulnerability of agro-ecological zones in India under the earth system climate model scenarios

India being a developing economy dependent on climate-sensitive sector like agriculture is highly vulnerable to impacts of global climate change. Vulnerability to climate change, however, differs spatially within the country owing to regional differences in exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. The study uses the Hadley Centre Global Environment Model version 2-Earth System (HadGEM-ES) climate projections to assess the dynamics in vulnerability across four climate change exposure scenarios developed using Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). The analysis was carried out at subnational (district) level; the results were interpreted and reported for their corresponding agro-ecological zones. Vulnerability of each district was quantified using indicators capturing climatic variability, ecological and demographic sensitivity, and socio-economic capacity. Our analysis further assigns probabilities to vulnerability classes of all the 579 districts falling under different agro-ecological zones. The results of the vulnerability profile show that Western plains, Northern plains, and central highlands of the arid and semi-arid agro-ecological zones are the most vulnerable regions in the current scenario (1950–2000). In the future scenario (2050), it extends along districts falling within Deccan plateau and Central (Malwa) highlands, lying in the arid and semi-arid zones, along with regions vulnerable in the current scenario, recording the highest vulnerability score across all exposure scenarios. These regions exhibit highest degree of variation in climatic parameters, ecological fragility, socio-economic marginality, and limited accessibility to resources, generating conditions of high vulnerability. The study emphasizes on the priority to take up adaptive management actions in the identified vulnerable districts to not only reduce risks of climate change, but also enhance their inherent capacity to withstand any future changes in climate. It provides a systematic approach to explicitly identify vulnerable regions, where regional planners and policy makers can build on existing adaptation decision-making by utilizing an interdisciplinary approach in the context of global change scenario.     

铁锰氧化物/坡缕石复合材料吸附磷的性能

将铁锰氧化物与坡缕石黏土结合制备了复合材料FO/P、MO/P和FMO/P,由静态吸附实验研究了复合材料吸附磷的性能,考察了氧化物与坡缕石质量比、焙烧温度、溶液p H值、离子强度和振荡时间对吸附量的影响,探讨了吸附动力学、吸附平衡和机理。结果表明,FMO/P的吸附性能优于FO/P和MO/P,铁锰氧化物与坡缕石黏土的质量比为0.1的FMO/P对20mg/L的磷溶液去除率可达95%,吸附量明显受溶液p H的影响,离子强度对吸附量影响较小,磷吸附在复合材料表面主要形成内层络合物,60 min可基本达吸附平衡,过程符合pseudo-second-order方程,具有化学吸附的性质,FMO/P吸附等温线符合Freundlich方程,有不均匀吸附的性质,饱和吸附量达49 mg/g。     

液化烃球罐泄漏温度场及材料适应性研究

针对高压储存的液化烃一旦发生泄漏,会迅速气化并吸热,使得球罐温度降低,严重时温度可能低于标准中允许的球罐材质最低适应温度的问题,建立球罐三维物理模型,基于CFD模拟的方法,采用雷诺时均的Navier-Stokes方程和k-ε湍流模型,分析球罐管线发生泄漏时球罐本体及周围环境的温度分布情况,探讨了不同泄漏孔径对球罐温度的影响。研究结果表明球罐发生泄漏时,球罐外部温度会明显降低,由于保温层的存在,球罐本体温度降幅不大。但在泄漏孔附近会形成较小的低温区,超过了16MnR材质的低温承受能力,存在较大的风险。     

太湖流域污水处理厂低温生物脱氮运行模式研究

以苏州工业园区第二污水厂在冬季低温下的实际运行为例,重点分析了低温生物脱氮的影响因子,并探讨影响低温生物脱氮的因素.根据污水处理厂冬季水温特征和低温脱氮影响规律,结合污水厂运行经验和数据分析提出太湖流域污水厂低温生物脱氮的适合措施,以达到低温下保证运行效果使出水达标,并结合冬季低温下太湖流域污水厂的特点,为保证总氮出水达标提出来了相应的解决方案和措施.     

生态敏感性评价在生态文明建设中的运用研究——以四川省蓬安县为例

以四川省蓬安县为例,基于GIS空间分析技术,结合蓬安当地实际,选取水源涵养、土壤保持能力和生物多样性进行生态敏感性评价,获得蓬安县区域敏感性现状图,并以此为基础构建生态安全格局,该格局注重区域的内在机理与周围的相对联系,保证各生态环境功能区成为具有各自特点、功能和生命活力而又彼此联系的有机体,为其生态文明建设过程中重点领域和重点工程设计规划提供基础支撑,阐明了生态敏感性评价在生态文明建设中的运用,为县级生态文明建设规划做出了贡献.     

广西"十三五"环境保护和生态建设规划指标体系研究

生态环境保护目标指标是环境保护和生态建设规划中的核心内容,制定科学合理的规划指标体系,能够确保规划各项重点任务顺利实施.通过回顾分析"十一五"、"十二五"环境保护和生态建设规划指标体系,结合广西环境现状和发展趋势,在与国家和广西同期规划、计划、方案等衔接基础上,研究提出广西"十三五"环境保护和生态建设规划指标体系,设置了环境质量改善、总量控制、污染治理、风险防范、生态保护和生态公共服务等6个方面共29个指标,以期更好地指导"十三五"环境保护和生态建设工作.     

SCREEN3模型在大气环境管理中的应用研究

基于高斯扩散的单源估算模式SCREEN3计算佛山市环境统计企业的SO2排放最大落地浓度距离,发现全市工业企业SO2排放最大落地浓度距离为0.4~13.5 km.其中水泥和火电等高架源的最大落地浓度的距离最远.佛山市及五区纳入环境统计的重点废气排放企业平均的SO2排放最大落地浓度距离为2.9~4.9 km,能直接影响国控监测点位的企业合计37家,其中40%为高明区的企业.该结果证明加强空气质量国控监测点位周边至少5 km内废气排放企业的督查有利于空气质量的改善.