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A combination of poor mining methods, waste storage and disposal systems, as well as the day-to-day activities associated with tribute and contract chromite mining are primarily responsible for environmental problems on the Zimbabwe Great Dyke. For instance, the unsystematic dumping of waste rocks in rivers blocks channels and results in flooding, which further sterilizes agricultural land and mineral resources. Erosion of these haphazardly located dumps causes siltation of water bodies and results in the dispersion of heavy metals in soils and watercourses. Vegetation growth on waste dumps is limited and constrained by the high pH levels from phytotoxic metals in soils, the lack of nutrients, poor moisture retention qualities of the mining waste and critical cation imbalances within dumps. This article attributes poor environmental management on the Dyke to poverty, a direct result of the nature of tribute agreements and output prices. Prices based on output targets are exploitative and undervalue labour and thus perpetuate poverty. By absolving claim holders from environmental liability, tribute agreements contribute directly to environmental problems. Thus, the incorporation of enforceable dual environmental responsibility requirements in contract mining agreements is needed to overcome this problem. This article recommends that, to break the poverty cycle, the primary cause of environmental mismanagement in the sector, miners need to be empowered through claim ownership and the enhancement of their capacity to negotiate prices with buyers of chrome. 相似文献
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This paper summarizes developments made in the field of waste-to-energy technology between the 1980s and the present. In the USA, many waste-to-energy systems were developed in the 1980s and early 1990s. These plants generated power relatively efficiently (typically 23%) in 60 bar/ 443 degrees C boilers. Unfortunately, the development came to a stop when the US Supreme Court rejected the practice of waste flow control in 1994. Consequently, waste was directed to mega-landfills, associated with very negative environmental impacts. However, given landfill taxes and increased fuel prices, new waste-to-energy projects have recently been developed. Attractive premiums for renewable power production from municipal waste have been introduced in several European countries. This triggered important innovations in the field of improved energy recovery. Examples of modern waste-to-energy plants are Brescia and Amsterdam with net efficiencies of 24 and 30%, respectively. Incineration is traditionally preferred in Japan due to space constraints. New legislation promoted ash melting or gasification to obtain improved ash quality. However, these processes reduce the efficiency in terms of energy, cost and availability. A new oxygen-enriched waste-to-energy system is under development in order to better achieve the required inert ash quality. 相似文献
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McClenny WA Oliver KD Jacumin HH Daughtrey EH Whitaker DA 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2005,7(3):248-256
Diffusive sampling of a mixture of 42 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in humidified, purified air onto the solid adsorbent Carbopack X was evaluated under controlled laboratory conditions. The evaluation included variations in sample air temperature, relative humidity and ozone concentration. Linearity of samples with loading was examined both for a constant concentration with time varied up to 24 h and for different concentrations over 24 h. Reverse diffusion and its increase with accumulation of sample were determined for all compounds. Tubes were examined for blank levels, change of blanks with storage time, and variability of blanks. Method detection limits were determined based on seven replicate samples. Based on this evaluation, 27 VOCs were selected for quantitative monitoring in the concentration range from approximately 0.1 to 4 ppbv. Comparison results of active and diffusive samples taken over 24 h and under the same simulated ambient conditions at a constant 2 ppbv were interpreted to estimate the effective diffusive sampling rates (ml min(-1)) and their uncertainties and to calculate the corresponding diffusive uptake rates (ng ppmv(-1) min(-1)). 相似文献
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In vitro characteristics of human fetal cells have been investigated after chorionic villus sampling at the first trimester and amniocentesis at the second trimester of pregnancy. Light microscopy revealed heterogeneous morphology of cell types in both the chorionic villus culture and the amniotic fluid cultures. Based on the experiments performed, chorionic villus cells are more sensitive to pronase, trypsin, and versene during subculture and have a higher DNA content per single cell and release more [125I]-Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin into culture medium than those found in amniotic fluid cells. The practical applications of this study are discussed. 相似文献
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Harold N. Bass Joan B. Oliver Murali Srinivasan Ruth Petrucha Won Ng Jo Ellen S. Lee 《黑龙江环境通报》1986,6(1):33-35
Intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD) in one of twins at 12 weeks of gestation was accompanied by markedly elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) at 17 and 18 weeks. Amniotic fluid AFP from the healthy surviving twin's sac at 18·5 and 23 weeks was also greatly increased along with a positive acetylcholinesterase (AChE) band. Persistently elevated AFP and positive AChE so long after fetal demise–-6·5 and 11 weeks post IUFD–-has not, to our knowledge, been previously described. In similar cases, high level ultrasound and careful placental examination at birth should be utilized to search for fetal abnormalities or multiple pregnancy with IUFD. 相似文献
10.
Frances R. Sweetman Kenneth M. Gibson Lawrence Sweetman Ph.D William L. Nyhan Homer Chin William Swartz Oliver W. Jones 《黑龙江环境通报》1986,6(3):187-194
We have documented the presence of five mitochondrial enzymes in samples of chorionic villus tissue and measured the levels of activity. Three of the enzymes catalyse biotindependent reactions. These are propionyl-CoA carboxylase, 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase and pyruvate carboxylase. the other enzymes. 4-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, are involved inthe degradation of the central inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. Distinct diseases in whichthere is deficiency of each of these enzymes have been documented in man. Significant levels of activity were observed for all five enzymes in chorionic villus tissue. This methodology should permit early prenatal diagnosis of deficiencies of these enzymes by chorionic villus biopsy in the first trimester. 相似文献