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171.
Dirk Bruns-Nagel Torsten C. Schmidt Oliver Drzyzga Eberhard v. Löw Klaus Steinbach 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1999,6(1):7-10
Water extracts of soil samples of the former ammunition plant “Tanne” near Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Lower Saxony, Germany, were investigated for highly polar oxidized 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) metabolites. 0.4 to 9.0 mg/kg dry soil 2,4,6-trinitrobenzoic acid (TNBA) and 5.8 to 544 mg/kg dry soil 2-amino-4,6-dinitrobenzoic acid (2-ADNBA) were found. In addition to the oxidized metabolites, TNT, 4- and 2-aminodinitrotoluene (4- and 2-ADNT), and 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) were extractable with water. Most interestingly, in one sample, 2-ADNBA represented the main contaminant. The origin of the oxidized nitroaromatics is unknown at this time. They might be generated chemically or photochemically. Furthermore, a biological synthesis seems possible. 相似文献
172.
Overseas mineral exploration and mining investment by Australian companies increased dramatically from the early 1990s until 1997. In the wake of the Asian economic crisis and lower commodity prices it declined somewhat in 1998 and 1999. Reflecting their international competitiveness, Australian resource companies were actively involved in projects in about eighty nations in 1999. This study assesses the extent of growth in exploration and mining operations, the distribution between large and small companies and the changing regional focus which has been occurring. It also reflects on some of the key influences on this development. These include a strong domestic finance sector, supporting mining services provision, technological competitiveness, a growing attractiveness of offshore locations and increasing structural impediments at home. 相似文献
173.
Pollution by toxic metals including cadmium (Cd) and hypoxia are important stressors in estuaries and coastal waters which may interactively affect sessile benthic organisms, such as oysters. We studied metabolic responses to prolonged hypoxic acclimation (2 weeks at 5% O2) in control and Cd-exposed (30 d at 50 μg L−1 Cd) oysters Crassostrea virginica, and analyzed the effects of these stressors on abundance of Vibrio spp. in oysters. Hypoxia-acclimated oysters retained normal standard metabolic rates (SMR) at 5% O2, in contrast to a decline of SMR observed during acute hypoxia. However, oysters spent more time actively ventilating in hypoxia than normoxia resulting in enhanced Cd uptake and 2.7-fold higher tissue Cd burdens in hypoxia. Cd exposure led to a significant decrease in tissue glycogen stores, increase in free glucose levels and elevated activity of glycolytic enzymes (hexokinase and aldolase) indicating a greater dependence on carbohydrate catabolism. A compensatory increase in activities of two key mitochondrial enzymes (citrate synthase and cytochrome c oxidase) was found during prolonged hypoxia in control oysters but suppressed in Cd-exposed ones. Cd exposure also resulted in a significant increase in abundance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus levels during normoxia and hypoxia, respectively. Overall, Cd- and hypoxia-induced changes in metabolic profile, Cd accumulation and bacterial flora of oysters indicate that these stressors can synergistically impact energy homeostasis, performance and survival of oysters in polluted estuaries and have significant consequences for transfer of Cd and bacterial pathogens to the higher levels of the food chain. 相似文献
174.
Dietmar Reinert Oliver Schwaneberg Norbert Jung Sven Ullmann Wilfried Olbert Dieter Kamin Rudolf Kohler 《Safety Science》2009,47(8):1175-1184
Several hundred accidents involving the use of circular saws and resulting in injury, to hands or fingers occur each year in Germany.In the presented project, new approaches for the prevention of hand injuries and for the contactless detection of fingers are being investigated for comprehensive protection on circular saws. The basic principles can be applied to other machines with manual loading and/or unloading. This paper describes several principles to distinct human skin and wood and a safety guard that prevents touching the rotating blade. In a first approach a reliable protective device with functional diversity has been developed using a passive infrared sensor in combination with a capacitive field sensor. Second the distinction between skin and wood or other material is done by dedicated kind of spectral analysis in the near infrared region. With a kind of light curtain the intrusion into the dangerous zone near the blade can be prevented.The safety guard protects the operator’s hand within 50 ms. The forces of the protective system peak at no more than 120 N. We are presenting a complete strategy for such different tasks as cutting wedges, stopped cutting and hidden cutting, which have a very high odds ratio. 相似文献
175.
176.
Eben D. Thoma Halley L. Brantley Karen D. Oliver Donald A. Whitaker Shaibal Mukerjee Bill Mitchell 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2016,66(10):959-970
From June 2013 to March 2015, in total 41 passive sampler deployments of 2 wk duration each were conducted at 17 sites in South Philadelphia, PA, with results for benzene discussed here. Complementary time-resolved measurements with lower cost prototype fenceline sensors and an open-path ultraviolet differential optical absorption spectrometer were also conducted. Minimum passive sampler benzene concentrations for each sampling period ranged from 0.08 ppbv to 0.65 ppbv, with a mean of 0.25 ppbv, and were negatively correlated with ambient temperature (–0.01 ppbv/°C, R2 = 0.68). Co-deployed duplicate passive sampler pairs (N = 609) demonstrated good precision with an average and maximum percent difference of 1.5% and 34%, respectively. A group of passive samplers located within 50 m of a refinery fenceline had a study mean benzene concentration of 1.22 ppbv, whereas a group of samplers located in communities >1 km distant from facilities had a mean of 0.29 ppbv. The difference in the means of these groups was statistically significant at the 95% confidence level (p < 0.001). A decreasing gradient in benzene concentrations moving away from the facilities was observed, as was a significant period-to-period variation. The highest recorded 2-wk average benzene concentration for the fenceline group was 3.11 ppbv. During this period, time-resolved data from the prototype sensors and the open-path spectrometer detected a benzene signal from the west on one day in particular, with the highest 5-min path-averaged benzene concentration measured at 24 ppbv.
Implications: Using a variation of EPA’s passive sampler refinery fenceline monitoring method, coupled with time-resolved measurements, a multiyear study in South Philadelphia informed benzene concentrations near facilities and in communities. The combination of measurement strategies can assist facilities in identification and mitigation of emissions from fugitive sources and improve information on air quality complex air sheds. 相似文献
177.
The use of conventional plastic microplates for a miniaturised luminescent bacteria test may result in an underestimation of the toxicity for poorly water soluble highly adsorbing toxicants such as PAHs. In this study, the suitability of microplates for testing elutriates of PAH-contaminated soils was investigated. The LUMIStox test was performed as the standard test in the miniaturised format using contaminated soil elutriates and aqueous solutions of four selected PAHs (viz. naphthalene (NAP), acenaphthene (ACE), fluorene (FLU), and phenanthrene (PHE)). For the aqueous PAH-solutions, we observed reduced light inhibition values for the miniaturised bioassay when using black microplates made of polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) compared to the standard LUMIStox test. This phenomenon was most likely due to adsorption of toxicants to the microplate surfaces with PAHs of lower water solubility being significantly more affected; however, after minimizing the exposure of samples to plastic surfaces, polystyrene microplates revealed equivalent performance (>80% 'relative' light inhibition) to the standard glass cuvette test system. For soil elutriates, black microplates again exhibited slightly lower light inhibition values while white plates made of PS and Barex resulted in a pronounced overestimation of toxicity for a coloured soil elutriate. In general, microplates were applicable for testing elutriates of PAH-contaminated soils. In cases where samples are coloured or turbid, the application of black microplates is recommended. 相似文献
178.
Lorenz M Nagel HD Granke O Kraft P 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,155(3):426-435
Intensive forest monitoring by means of harmonised methods has been conducted in Europe for more than a decade. Risks of atmospheric nitrogen and sulphur deposition are assessed by means of calculations of critical loads and their exceedances. In the present study throughfall and bulk deposition of nitrate (N-NO(3)), ammonium (N-NH(4)) and sulphate (S-SO(4)) show marked spatial patterns and temporal trends. In the period of observation (1999-2004), sulphate deposition on intensive monitoring plots decreased by about one quarter. This is in line with the reduction of S deposition by 70% since 1981 in Europe as a result of successful air pollution control politics under the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP). However, sulphate and especially nitrate and ammonium deposition were found to still exceed critical loads at many forest sites, indicating a continued need for further implementation of air pollution abatement strategies. 相似文献
179.
Remotely-Sensed Active Fire Data for Protected Area Management: Eight-Year Patterns in the Manas National Park, India 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Chihiro Takahata Rajan Amin Pranjit Sarma Gitanjali Banerjee William Oliver John E. Fa 《Environmental management》2010,45(2):414-423
The Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands, which once extended along most of the Himalayan foothills, now only remain in a number
of protected areas. Within these localities, grassland burning is a major issue, but data on frequency and distribution of
fires are limited. Here, we analysed the incidence of active fires, which only occur during the dry season (Nov.–Mar.), within
a significant area of Terai grasslands: the Manas National Park (MNP), India. We obtained locations of 781 fires during the
2000–2008 dry seasons, from the Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS) that delivers global MODIS hotspot/fire
locations using remote sensing and GIS technologies. Annual number of fires rose significantly from around 20 at the start
of the study period to over 90 after 2002, with most (85%) detected between December and January. Over half of the fires occurred
in tall grasslands, but fire density was highest in wetland and riverine vegetation, dry at the time. Most burning took place
near rivers, roads and the park boundary, suggesting anthropogenic origins. A kernel density map of all recorded fires indicated
three heavily burnt areas in the MNP, all within the tall grasslands. Our study demonstrates, despite some technical caveats
linked to fire detection technology, which is improving, that remote fire data can be a practical tool in understanding fire
concentration and burning temporal patterns in highly vulnerable habitats, useful in guiding management. 相似文献
180.
Competences over environmental matters are distributed across agencies at different scales on a national-to-local continuum.
This article adopts a transaction costs economics perspective in order to explore the question whether, in the light of a
particular problem, the scale at which a certain competence is attributed can be reconsidered. Specifically, it tests whether
a presumption of least-cost operation concerning an agency at a given scale can hold. By doing so, it investigates whether
the rescaling of certain tasks, aiming at solving a scale-related problem, is likely to produce an increase in costs for day-to-day
agency operations as compared to the status quo. The article explores such a perspective for the case of Venice Lagoon. The
negative aspects of the present arrangement concerning fishery management and morphological remediation are directly linked
to the scale of the agencies involved. The analysis suggests that scales have been chosen correctly, at least from the point
of view of the costs incurred to the agencies involved. Consequently, a rescaling of those agencies does not represent a viable
option. 相似文献