Protection of wetlands as a strategy for reducing the spread of avian influenza from migratory waterfowl

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has led to the death or destruction of millions of domesticated and wild birds and caused hundreds of human deaths worldwide. As with other HPAIs, H5N1 outbreaks among poultry have generally been caused by contact with infected migratory waterfowl at the interface of wildlands and human-dominated landscapes. Using a case–control epidemiological approach, we analyzed the relation between habitat protection and H5N1 outbreaks in China from 2004 to 2017. We found that while proximity to unprotected waterfowl habitats and rice paddy generally increased outbreak risk, proximity to the most highly protected habitats (e.g., Ramsar-designated lakes and wetlands) had the opposite effect. Protection likely involves two mechanisms: the separation of wild waterfowl and poultry populations and the diversion of wild waterfowl from human-dominated landscapes toward protected natural habitats. Wetland protection could therefore be an effective means to control avian influenza while also contributing to avian conservation.     

Toxicity assessment of municipal sewage treatment plant effluent by an integrated biomarker response in the liver of crucian carp (Carassius auratus)

In this study, crucian carp (Carassius auratus) was exposed to the increasing concentrations of municipal sewage treatment plant effluent (MSTPE) for 15 days, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), together with the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) in the liver of C. auratus were investigated. Moreover, the integrated biomarker response (IBR) approach was applied to assess the adverse effects of MSTPE in freshwater. The aim of the study was to provide an effective biological indicator for evaluating the toxicity effects and ecological risks of MSTPE in the freshwater environment quantitatively. Results showed that MSTPE could cause oxidative damage to the liver of C. auratus, which reflected through the increasing MDA content over the exposure period. MSTPE also led to the biochemical responses of antioxidant defense in C. auratus liver, such as the enhancement of SOD, CAT, and GPx activities, as well as the inhibition of AChE activity and GSH content. It was found that MDA, SOD, GPx, and GSH could be used as the biomarkers for reflecting the adverse effects of MSTPE in the receiving freshwater on the 12th day of exposure. A significant increase of IBR values was observed as the increasing concentration of MSTPE, and the IBR values presented a significant positive correlation (r?=?0.891, P?<?0.05) with the increasing concentrations of MSTPE, indicating that IBR approach is a promising tool for assessing the toxicity effects of MSTPE in environmental freshwater.

     

烟台市PM2.5空间分布特征与来源解析

2016—2017年,选取烟台市3个代表性点位采集了PM_(2.5)样品,分析了其质量浓度和化学组成特征,并利用化学质量平衡(CMB)模型对环境空气受体进行了来源解析。结果表明:PM_(2.5)浓度呈现出盛泉工业园点位[(68.9±30.5)μg/m~3]福山环保局点位[(64.5±25.5)μg/m~3]百盛商城点位[(58.8±19.2)μg/m~3]的空间分布特征。水溶性离子、碳组分(OC和EC)和地壳类元素表现出不同的分布特征,与各点位所代表的不同功能区有关。形成机制上,NO~-_3在福山环保局点位主要以NH_4NO_3形式存在,而在盛泉工业园点位存在一定的Ca(NO_3)_2形式占比。源解析结果显示,3个点位均受到海盐源的影响,福山环保局点位二次颗粒物污染最为严重(43.9%),盛泉工业园点位燃煤源贡献突出(16.4%)。     

Effects of Land Use Changes on the Ecosystem Service Values of a Reclamation Farm in Northeast China

Intensive agricultural development can change land use, which can further affect regional ecosystem services and functions. With the rapid growth of the population and the national demand for food, the northeast of China, which is located in the high latitudes, has experienced four agricultural developments since the 1950s. The original wetlands of this area were developed for farmland. The evaluation of ecosystem services is conducted to reveal the ecosystem status and variable trends caused by land reclamation. The aim of this study is to provide scientific basis for environmental management and for the sustainable development of agriculture in Northeast China. With GIS-RS technology, a typical farm was chosen to analyze variations in the ecosystem service value in response to land use changes during the study period. The total ecosystem service value of the farm decreased from 7523.10 million Yuan in 1979 to 4023.59 million Yuan in 2009 with an annual rate of ?1.6?% due to the decreasing areas of woodland and wetland. The increased areas of cropland, water area and grassland partly offset the loss of the total value, but the loss was still greater than the compensation. Waste treatment and climate regulation were the top two service functions with high service values, contributing to approximately 50?% of the total service value. The spatial difference of the ecosystem service value also was analyzed. The wetlands located in the central and northeastern sections of the farm changed significantly. From the aspect of ecosystem service value, the wetland and water area should be conserved, as they have the highest value coefficients. The accuracy of the value coefficient, however, needs to be studied further in future research.     

一株PVA降解菌的筛选及其降解条件的优化

从被PVA直接污染的环境中筛选获得一株能高效降解聚乙烯醇的微生物菌株Z5。对其生长过程及PVA降解过程进行研究,发现该菌株在48 h内可降解79.24%的聚乙烯醇(PVA)。同时研究了Z5菌株的降解特性,结果表明,该菌株降解PVA最适条件为:温度30℃、pH6.2、装液量30 mL;牛肉膏、蛋白胨、NaCl、PVA浓度分别为:0.05 g/L、0.1 g/L、2 g/L和2 g/L。     

烧结烟气脱硫剂性能的研究

为了提高脱硫效率和合理利用烧结过程中产生的机头灰,在半干法烟气脱硫剂生石灰中,加入一定量的烧结机头灰作为脱硫催化剂。在测定机头灰与生石灰化学成分、粒度和比表面积的基础上,研究和分析了机头灰与生石灰的质量配比对于脱硫效率的影响。结果表明,脱硫剂与机头灰在粒径分布和比表面积上都较接近,但经过消化活化后的混合脱硫剂的比表面积明显增大。当机头灰添加量为脱硫剂质量的2%～5%时,脱硫效率提高了2%～3%。机头灰与生石灰的胶凝反应以及机头灰中Fe2O3的催化作用是主要的作用机理。     

我国氯碱行业汞污染现状与防治对策

介绍了汞污染的来源、危害及治理现状,分析了氯碱行业的高汞触媒污染严重、汞流失环节多、含汞废触媒回收处理中存在污染隐患等汞污染问题,提出了减少氯碱行业汞消耗与汞污染的对策和措施.     

沸石-壳聚糖吸附剂吸附废水中的Ni2+

采用沸石-壳聚糖吸附剂吸附废水中的Ni2＋。将粒径为180μm的天然沸石与脱乙酰度90％的壳聚糖混合,制成沸石一壳聚糖吸附剂。考察了沸石一壳聚糖吸附剂对模拟含镍废水中的Ni2＋静态吸附效果的影响因素。正交实验结果表明,在壳聚糖与天然沸石质量比为0．05、吸附剂加入量为14g/L、Ni2＋初始质量浓度为40mg／L、模拟含镍废水pH为6—7、吸附时间为40min的条件下,模拟含镍废水中Ni2＋去除率大于96％。对实际电镀含镍废水的动态吸附实验结果表明,NP的质量浓度由38．0mg／L减少到0．8mg／L,小于GB8978-96《污水综合排放标准》规定值（1．0mg／L）。     

MBR处理低浓度稠油废水

为解决稠油废水达标排放问题,构建了一套中试实验装置,以经过除油、浮选和过滤预处理的富含溶解性有机化合物、氮磷缺乏的低浓度难生化稠油废水为原水,进行了187 d的连续运行,结果表明,经过厌氧和好氧生物处理后,出水COD可降至80~100 mg/L以下,再经膜过滤后COD降至60~80 mg/L,加入少量的粉末活性炭进行吸附处理后,出水COD可稳定在50 mg/L以下;水力停留时间从72 h降至30 h时,出水COD基本无变化;气相色谱-质谱分析表明该系统容易去除的有机物为酮类、醇类等物质,而烷烃(C17~C25)和芳烃等为本工艺难降解物质,通过膜生物反应器工艺优化或选择专门降解菌如Acinetobacter spp.进行处理可进一步降低出水COD的浓度。