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111.
A protocol was developed to fractionate soil particles down to the nanocolloid scale by combining sieving, sedimentation,
centrifugation, and cross-flow filtration (CFF). The validity of the method and the performance of the CFF system were tested
by characterizing fractions using laser granulometry, electron microscopy, and chemical analysis. The 0.1-μm-pore-size membrane
CFF system effectively retained nanocolloids (<0.1 μm) as shown by laser granulometry and observed directly by transmission
electron microscopy. However, environmental scanning electron microscopy images of freeze-dried colloids were very different
from their TEM counterparts, suggesting that sample preparation influenced microscopy imaging. Chemical analysis of Cu, Cd,
and organic carbon in each fraction showed that the concentrations of these components increased as particle size decreased,
indicating colloids and nanocolloids play an important role in retaining trace metals. Particle-size fractionation combined
with chemical analysis and electron microscopy can provide insight into the nature and properties of nanocolloids in soil. 相似文献
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在湖北保安湖采集主要食用鱼类(团头鲂、鲫鱼、草鱼)样品,通过测定鱼体中的重金属(Cr、Cd、As、Pb、Hg、Cu、Zn)和有机氯农药(六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs))含量,基于不同评估模型分析了这3种鱼的污染特征和健康风险。结果显示,鱼样中Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb和Hg的含量分别为1.03~1.13、0.93~1.66、22.80~31.54、0.08~0.49、0.004~0.007、0.040~0.050和0.03~0.06 mg·kg~(-1);鱼样中HCHs、DDTs的含量为5.94~38.04和5.99~38.38 ng·g~(-1)ww。根据国家规定的有毒有害物质限量标准,团头鲂和鲫鱼中As分别超标0.2和3.9倍;鲫鱼体内HCHs和草鱼体内DDTs含量分别超标0.9和2.8倍;其他鱼样重金属和有机氯农药含量均未超过标准限值。总体来看,鲫鱼重金属严重污染,重金属综合污染程度的顺序是鲫鱼团头鲂草鱼;鲫鱼和草鱼体内有机氯农药(OCPs)达到重度污染,OCPs综合污染程度为草鱼鲫鱼团头鲂; 3种鱼样重金属和OCPs复合暴露条件下健康风险评估结果表明,食用3种鱼肉的致癌风险都大于10-6,即均存在一定的潜在致癌风险,致癌风险概率为鲫鱼草鱼团头鲂,同时,食用鲫鱼还存在非致癌健康风险,其污染来源及有效防治值得进一步研究。 相似文献
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稳定碳同位素示踪农林生态转换系统中土壤有机质的迁移和赋存规律 总被引:18,自引:3,他引:15
为了探讨土壤有机质在降解过程中的迁移、赋存规律,利用C3植物与C4植物明显的δ13C值差异,选取贵州茂兰保护区内农林生态系统发生转换生长的地域,分析土壤的不同粒径组分和比重组分中土壤有机质的δ13C值.结果表明,粗砂中的土壤有机质年代最新,细粉中的土壤有机质年代最老,有机质在降解过程中,在土壤各粒径组分中的迁移次序是:粗砂<细砂<粗粉<粘土<细粉;土壤重组分中的有机质年代较老,以降解充分、稳定的有机无机复合体为主,相对 相似文献
115.
A Framework for Evaluating the Effects of Human Factors on Wildlife Habitat: the Case of Giant Pandas 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Jianguo Liu ‡ Zhiyun Ouyang † William W. Taylor Richard Groop § Yingchun Tan and Heming Zhang 《Conservation biology》1999,13(6):1360-1370
Abstract: To address the complex interactions between humans and wildlife habitat, we developed a conceptual framework that links human factors with forested landscapes and wildlife habitat. All the components in the framework are integrated into systems models that analyze the effects of human factors and project how wildlife habitat would change under different policy scenarios. As a case study, we applied this framework to the Wolong Nature Reserve in Sichuan Province (southwestern China), the largest home of the giant panda ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca ). We collected ecological and socioeconomic data with a combination of various methods ( field observations, aerial photographs, government documents and statistics, interviews, and household surveys) and employed geographic information systems and systems modeling to analyze and integrate the data sources. Human population size has increased by 66% and the number of households in the reserve has increased by 115% since 1975, when the reserve was established. During the same period, the quality and quantity of the giant panda habitat dramatically decreased because of increasing human activities such as fuelwood collection. Systems modeling predicted that under the status quo, human population in the reserve would continue to grow and cause more destruction of the remaining panda habitat, whereas reducing human birth rates and increasing human emigration rates would lower human population size and alleviate human impacts on the panda habitat. Furthermore, our simulations and surveys suggested that policies encouraging the emigration of young people would be more effective and feasible than relocating older people in reducing human population size and conserving giant panda habitat in the reserve. 相似文献
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Ecological city (eco-city) and its planning approach are emerging concepts in urban study, urban planning, ecological economics, environmental policy and corporate environmental management. However, opinions remain divided over the connotation and denotation of the term "ecological city", what key issues eco-city planning can solve, and its specific contents. In this study, we present 10 basic propositions that define the eco-city and clarify its key parameters, thereby providing the basis for discussing the assumptions and principles underlying different approaches to sus- tainable urban development. We then summarize the concept and principles of an eco-city, and define the main requirements for eco- city planning. We conclude that an eco-city is a city in which the urban population, scale of land use and intensity of human activities are limited to the regional resource and environmental carrying capacity, which does not cause increasing or irreversible damage to the regional ecosystem's structure, functions and processes. 相似文献
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120.
室外空气细菌群落特征研究进展 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
着重论述了空气细菌的来源、粒子特征、群落特征、浓度的时空变化及其群落结构的影响因素.国内外研究结果表明:空气细菌主要来源于自然界的土壤、动植物、人类和水体,另外一些非自然的人类活动也是其重要来源;空气细菌的粒径主要在 0. 3~15. 0μm间变化,海岸边细菌气溶胶的粒径相对较小,而其他地方 84%或更多的细菌粒子的粒径≥2. 1μm;空气中革兰氏阳性细菌占绝大多数,无论在森林、海岸、城市还是乡村,芽孢杆菌 (Bacillus)都是优势菌属;一年中空气细菌浓度夏季最高,冬季最低,一天中则可以明显的划分为 5个阶段: (ⅰ )午夜细菌浓度最低, (ⅱ )日出时细菌浓度达到高峰, (ⅲ)正午细菌浓度积累逐渐上升, (ⅳ)下午后期细菌浓度降低, (ⅴ )晚上到午夜细菌浓度较低;人类活动频繁,动植物较多的地方空气细菌浓度较高.此外,空气细菌不仅与各种环境因素有关,还受到各种污染因子的影响. 表 2参 53 相似文献