Effects of Permafrost Degradation on Soil Hydrological Processes in Alpine Steppe on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Permafrost degradation is prevalent on the Qinghai-Ti-bet Plateau. This may lead to changes in water and heat transition in soils and thus affect the structure and function of ecosystems. In this paper...     

阳离子表面活性剂改性四氧化三铁-沸石复合材料对水中刚果红的去除作用

制备了四氧化三铁-沸石复合材料(磁性沸石)和阳离子表面活性剂改性磁性沸石(有机改性磁性沸石),采用X射线衍射分析对有机改性磁性沸石进行了表征,通过批量实验考察了有机改性磁性沸石对水中刚果红的吸附性能,并对相关的吸附机制进行了讨论。实验表明,有机改性磁性沸石对水中的刚果红具备良好的吸附能力,且有机改性磁性沸石对刚果红的吸附能力远远高于磁性沸石。有机改性磁性沸石对水中刚果红的吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型,吸附平衡数据可以采用Langmuir、Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R)等温吸附模型加以描述。根据Langmuir等温吸附模型计算得到的有机改性磁性沸石对刚果红的最大吸附容量为146 mg/g(pH 7和30℃)。有机改性磁性沸石对水中刚果红的吸附属于自发和放热的过程。有机改性磁性沸石吸附水中刚果红的作用机制包括静电吸引、有机相分配、氢键和表面配位。X射线衍射分析结果表明,有机改性磁性沸石含四氧化三铁,吸附刚果红后的有机改性磁性沸石可以很容易地通过外加磁场的作用快速地从水中分离出来。上述结果表明,有机改性磁性沸石适合作为一种吸附剂去除废水中的刚果红。     

The residual levels and health risks of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethanes (DDTs) in the fish from Lake Baiyangdian, North China

The tissue and organs (muscle, brain, liver, and gill) of four species of freshwater fish from Lake Baiyangdian were analyzed for hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethanes (DDTs). The distribution characteristics were analyzed for HCHs and DDTs in various tissue and organs, which determined the health risks for humans. The research results showed that the wet weight content of all HCHs (∑HCHs) ranged from 0.05?～?14.53 ng?g^?1, with a mean of 3.47 ng?g^?1. The wet weight content of all DDTs (∑DDTs) ranged from ND to 8.51 ng?g^?1, with a mean of 2.41 ng?g^?1. For the various species of fish, the residual level of ∑HCHs was relatively higher in chub and grass carp and lowest in snakehead. The residual level of ∑DDTs was the highest in snakehead and did not exhibit a significant variance in the other three species. For the various tissues and organs, the contents of HCHs and DDTs were both highest in the fish liver, second highest in the fish gill, and lowest in the fish brain and muscle. Among the four types of isomers, the residual level of γ-HCH was relatively higher, while the residual level of α-HCH was the lowest. The content of p,p′-DDE was significantly greater to other forms of DDT and its isomer. The residual levels of HCHs and DDTs in fish were both below the national standard. However, the carcinogenic risk from the HCHs in parts of the tissue and organs of four fish species in Lake Baiyangdian exceeded the screen value threshold set by USEPA.     

Water–gas exchange of organochlorine pesticides at Lake Chaohu, a large Chinese lake

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), a potential threat to ecosystems and human health, are still widely residual in the environment. The residual levels of OCPs in the water and gas phase were monitored in Lake Chaohu, a large Chinese lake, from March 2010 to February 2011. Nineteen types of OCPs were detected in the water with a total concentration of 7.27?±?3.32 ng/l. Aldrin, DDTs and HCHs were the major OCPs in the water, accounting for 38.3 %, 28.9 % and 23.6 % of the total, respectively. The highest mean concentration (12.32 ng/l) in the water was found in September, while the lowest (1.74 ng/l) was found in November. Twenty types of gaseous OCPs were detected in the atmosphere with a total concentration of 542.0?±?636.5 pg/m³. Endosulfan, DDTs and chlordane were the major gaseous OCPs in the atmosphere, accounting for 48.9 %, 22.5 % and 14.4 % of the total, respectively. The mean concentration of gaseous OCPs was significantly higher in summer than in winter. o,p′-DDE was the main metabolite of DDT in both the water and gas phase. Of the HCHs, 52.3 % existed as β-HCH in the water, while α-HCH (37.9 %) and γ-HCH (30.9 %) were dominant isomers in the gas phase. The average fluxes were ?21.11, ?3.30, ?152.41, ?35.50 and ?1314.15 ng/(m²?day) for α-HCH, γ-HCH, HCB, DDT and DDE, respectively. The water–gas exchanges of the five types of OCPs indicate that water was the main potential source of gaseous OCPs in the atmosphere. A sensitivity analysis indicated that the water-gas flux of α-HCH, γ-HCH and DDT is more vulnerable than that of HCB and DDE to the variation of the parameters. The possible source of the HCHs in the water was from the historical usage of lindane; however, that in the air was mainly from the recent usage of lindane. The technical DDT and dicofol might be the source of DDTs in the water and air.     

中空纤维膜超滤聚丙烯酸钠溶液

研究聚丙烯酸钠（PAAS）溶液的超滤行为,考察各操作参数对膜通量（J）和截留系数（R）的影响,结果表明,J随运行时间延长衰减不明显,随压差增大呈线性递增,随温度升高而增大,pH高于5时J基本不变;R随压差增大或温度升高均下降,随pH增大而增大。建立膜阻力（rf）模型,研究影响rf的主要因素,发现,rf随压差增大而增大,随温度升高而减少,pH低于5时rf随pH增大而迅速下降。研究PAAS溶液浓缩过程,当体积浓缩因子为16时,J衰减明显,截留液PAAS浓度（Cr）呈线性递增,渗透液PAAS浓度（Cp）在较长时期内基本不变,至浓缩后期,Cp轻微下降。以去离子水对浓缩液予以洗涤,随着洗涤液体积增大,Cr轻微下降,Cp逐渐趋于零。     

生物流化床反应器水力混合特性研究

分别以活性炭和陶粒作为载体,在无回流条件下研究了不同上升流速时,反应器的离散数D/μL和串联数N的变化规律.试验结果表明,上升流速,固体混合特性以及载体性质均对反应器离散程度产生影响.只要反应器达到一定的膨胀率,反应器的流态就比较接近完全混合型.活性炭为载体时,上升流速为0.29cm/s,膨胀率为9.5％,串联数N为2.17.说明用完全混合型反应器模拟生物流化床反应器是可行的.     

Polyclonal antibody-based indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening of paclobutrazol in fruits

Abstract

Paclobutrazol (PBZ) is a plant growth regulator (PGR) widely used in fruit and vegetable cultivation. However, due to the severe toxicity of PBZ, a sub-ppm level maximum residue limit (MRL) was established worldwide. Therefore, it is significant to propose a rapid, sensitive and high throughput screening method for monitoring the PBZ residues in foods. In this study, a simple and sensitive indirect competitive Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) was established for PBZ detection in fruits basing polyclonal antibody. For both economy and pollution prevention, a microwave-solvent-free method was used to synthesize the PBZ hapten with high efficiency. The detection conditions, such as coating antigen concentration, antibody concentration, organic reagent concentration, ionic strength and pH, were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, this method showed high sensitivity and specificity. The detection range is 1.27-138.23?ng/mL, half-maximum inhibition concentration (IC₅₀) is 13.26?ng/mL, and the IC₂₀ was lower than the reported ELISAs for PBZ. Additionally, this method had high accuracy and precision. The recoveries were ranged from 88.78% to 96.80% in PBZ spiked apple samples with RSD below 4%. All the results showed that the polyclonal antibody based icELISA could be useful for PBZ screening in fruit samples.     

苏稽河水环境容量计算研究

随着工业化、农业化和城市化进程的加快,流域内水污染问题日渐严重,流域水污染防治已是一个热点.以四川省乐山市苏稽河为研究对象,根据该流域的水流、水文、污染物特征和相关的调查资料对该流域水质进行分析计算,结果表明,苏稽河水质污染问题已经非常突出.根据水环境容量模型计算出各污染物的水环境容量、最大允许排放量以及达到控制目标需削减的污染物量,并根据该流域污染源的实际情况,针对工业污染源、农业面源和城镇生活污染源的不同特点提出具体的防治对策.     

Sorption kinetics and equilibria of organic pesticides in carbonatic soils from South Florida

A batch reactor was used to determine sorption kinetic parameters (k2, F, and K*) and the equilibrium sorption coefficient (K). The two-site nonequilibrium (TSNE) batch sorption kinetics model was used to calculate the kinetic parameters. Two probe organic pesticides, atrazine [2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine] and diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] were studied using three carbonatic soils from South Florida (Chekika, Perrine, and Krome), one noncarbonatic soil from Iowa (Webster), and one organic soil (Lauderhill) from South Florida. Carbonatic soils contained more than 600 g kg(-1) CaCO3. Sorption is initially very fast up to 3 h and then slowly reaches equilibrium. All soil-chemical combinations reached sorption equilibrium after about 24 h and all sorption isotherms were linear. The sorption kinetics data were well described by the TSNE model for all soil-chemical combinations except for the marl soil data (Perrine-Atrazine), which were better described by the one-site nonequilibrium (OSNE) model. Diuron, with higher K, undergoes slower sorption kinetics than atrazine. The Lauderhill soil containing organic carbon (OC) of 450 g kg(-1) exhibited slowest sorption kinetics for both pesticides. An inverse relationship between k3 and K was observed for atrazine and diuron separately in Chekika, Webster, and Lauderhill soils but not in Perrine and Krome soils. The sorption kinetic parameters were used to distinguish the sorption behavior between atrazine and diuron and to identify differences between soils. Normalizing the sorption coefficient (K) to OC showed that atrazine and diuron had K oc values in carbonatic soils that were a third of reported literature values for noncarbonatic soils. Using existing literature K oc values in solute transport models will most likely underestimate the mobility of atrazine, diuron, and other neutral organic chemicals in carbonatic soils.