北京市畜禽养殖业氨排放的分布特征

氨是形成可吸入颗粒物(PM2.5)的重要前体,采用国外排放因子的平均值作为排放因子,研究了北京市畜禽养殖业氨排放的分布特征。2012年北京畜禽养殖业产生的氨为4.43万t。顺义区排放量最多,占总排放量的20.4%;朝阳区仅养殖少量奶牛,海淀区养殖量少,门头沟区为北京生态涵养发展区,上述几个区氨排放量较低。顺义区排放强度最大,为8.9 t/km2,其后依次为大兴区、平谷区、密云县,而朝阳区、门头沟区、丰台区、海淀区排放强度较小,北京市平均氨排放强度为2.70 t/km2。肉鸡养殖是氨排放的最大贡献源,占总排放量的37.8%,养猪业次之,占37.3%。研究结果可为北京市氨及大气污染防治,尤其是霾天气治理提供科学依据。     

3株常见细菌胞外氨基酸对方解石表面性质的影响

文章以土壤-空气-人体中3株常见细菌为研究对象,采用反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)对3株细菌胞外氨基酸主要组分进行定性定量分析,在此基础上,考察了常见细菌胞外氨基酸对大气可吸入矿物细颗粒-方解石表面性质的影响。结果表明:3株细菌主要氨基酸组分为组氨酸、精氨酸、酪氨酸和胱氨酸;4种氨基酸对方解石都有不同程度的溶蚀作用,影响程度取决于氨基酸的功能、分子结构和添加量。3株常见细菌对方解石作用效果为金黄色葡萄球菌大肠杆菌硅酸盐细菌,由此推断方解石细颗粒物从土壤迁移到空气,再迁移到人体,毒性依次减弱,为建立可吸入矿物细颗粒环境和健康影响评价体系具有重要意义。     

基于微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(MICP)的铅污染生物修复

我国许多城市、农田土壤和水体中铅(Pb)污染十分严重,严重危害生态系统及人体健康.本研究以摇瓶批量实验研究了施氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas stutzeri)诱导碳酸钙共沉淀(Microbially induced calcite precipitation,缩写为MICP)修复Pb污染的技术.分析了pH、pb2+和Ca2+浓度对细菌生长及去除Pb的影响.实验表明P.stutzeri可耐受较高浓度的Pb,在初始Pb浓度为0.01～0.5 mmol/L下,Pb去除率在97％以上.大部分Pb以微生物诱导形成碳酸钙时共沉淀去除.MICP技术是一种具有应用前景的Pb污染的修复技术方法.     

一种无奇异参数椭圆柱形电磁隐身斗篷的设计基础理论

目的研究无奇异参数的椭圆柱形超材料电磁隐身斗篷的设计方法。方法应用变换光学原理建立空间变换坐标表达式,推导出该斗篷的电磁参数张量,再采用Matlab软件验证所推导张量的无奇异性,最后采用有限元仿真软件验证该斗篷的电磁隐身性能。结果椭圆柱形斗篷具备良好的电磁隐身性能,并且其电磁参数张量的各个分量均无奇异性。结论设计出的空间坐标变换方式能够从理论上实现无奇异参数的超材料电磁隐身斗篷,这种方法也拓展了变换光学原理在超材料隐身装置设计方面的应用。     

Effects of different sludge disintegration methods on sludge moisture distribution and dewatering performance

A key step in sludge treatment is sludge dewatering. However, activated sludge is generally very difficult to be dewatered. Sludge dewatering performance is largely affected by the sludge moisture distribution. Sludge disintegration can destroy the sludge structure and cell wall, so as change the sludge floc structure and moisture distribution, thus affecting the dewatering performance of sludge. In this article, the disintegration methods were ultrasound treatment, K₂FeO₄ oxidation and KMnO₄ oxidation. The degree of disintegration (DD_COD), sludge moisture distribution and the final water content of sludge cake after centrifuging were measured. Results showed that three disintegration methods were all effective, and K₂FeO₄ oxidation was more efficient than KMnO₄ oxidation. The content of free water increased obviously with K₂FeO₄ and KMnO₄ oxidations, while it decreased with ultrasound treatment. The changes of free water and interstitial water were in the opposite trend. The content of bounding water decreased with K₂FeO₄ oxidation, and increased slightly with KMnO₄ oxidation, while it increased obviously with ultrasound treatment. The water content of sludge cake after centrifuging decreased with K₂FeO₄ oxidation, and did not changed with KMnO₄ oxidation, but increased obviously with ultrasound treatment. In summary, ultrasound treatment deteriorated the sludge dewaterability, while K₂FeO₄ and KMnO₄ oxidation improved the sludge dewaterability.     

废旧金属回收熔炼辐射安全管理研究

介绍了一起废旧金属熔炼导致的放射性污染事件,以及环保部门在事件中采取的措施.反思了废旧金属回收熔炼辐射安全监管存在的问题,指出相关的法律法规不够明确,对熔炼企业辐射监测的监管力度不足,废金属进出口的放射性管理存在漏洞,熔炼企业缺乏辐射安全意识和手段,提出了完善标准体系,强化口岸监测,实施分级管理,加强企业辐射安全管理等对策措施.     

Experimental study of NO2 reduction in N2/Ar and O2/Ar mixtures by pulsed corona discharge

Non-thermal plasma technology has been regarded as a promising alternative technology for NOx removal. The understanding of NO2 reduction characteristics is extremely important since NO2 reduction could lower the total NO oxidation rate in the plasma atmosphere. In this study, NO2 reduction was experimentally investigated using a non-thermal plasma reactor driven by a pulsed power supply for different simulated gas compositions and operating parameters. The NO2 reduction was promoted by increasing the specific energy density （SED）, and the highest conversion rates were 33.7%, 42.1% and 25.7% for Ar, N2/Ar and O2/Ar, respectively. For a given SED, the NO2 conversion rate had the order N2/Ar 〉 Ar 〉 02/Ar. The highest energy yield of 3.31 g/kWh was obtained in N2/Ar plasma and decreased with increasing SED; the same trends were also found in the other two gas compositions. The conversion rate decreased with increasing initial NO2 concentration. Furthermore, the presence of N2 or O2 led to different reaction pathways for NO2 conversion due to the formation of different dominating reactive radicals.     

城市特征驾驶工况建立及结果比较研究

采用短行程随机组合、短行程状态转移、驾驶模式片段状态转移和速度状态转移法分别建立和比较城市特征驾驶工况。以成都市为例,设计实验测量车辆实际运行参数。测量在选定的起终点间的5条行驶路线上进行。利用引擎扫描仪和GPS采集汽车行驶数据,并对其数据进行处理。特征驾驶工况选择依据是所建候选工况与实测工况在评价参数间的最小差异而定。特征驾驶工况按速度分布、速度-加速度频率分布(SAFD)、汽车比功率(VSP)分布比例及排放预测进行比较。4个特征驾驶工况与实际工况的平均相对误差如下:速度分布分别为17.4%、11.3%、13.9%、25.5%;SAFD在50%左右;VSP分布分别为19.1%、18.5%、23.4%、29.4%;而排放预测均在3%以内。结果表明采用短行程状态转移建立的特征驾驶工况较其它3种方法更接近实际测量。     

深圳市光明新区城区径流污染负荷估算研究

针对深圳市光明新区城区径流,采用SCS径流曲线模型对其SS、COD、TN及TP等污染负荷进行了估算。结果表明,光明新区城区径流污染负荷中,SS、COD、TN、TP的污染负荷量分别为18527.8、11023.81、197.29和91.58 t,其中COD的排放负荷已超出其收纳水体茅洲河环境容量6.0倍,COD和SS的年输出系数值也明显高出同类城市,SS和COD为该地区降雨径流中的主要污染物。     

集中供热项目环境效益分析——以某市集中供热项目为例

介绍了某市新区供热现状,并对预测模型AERMOD的运行参数及数据来源进行了简要说明,根据区内供热现状及采取集中供热方式后新区冬季采暖集中供热锅炉烟气污染物排放源强的变化情况,采用AERMOD模型分别进行了预测。在此基础上,通过对比分析,得出了大型集中供热工程具有明显环境效益的结论。