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771.
772.
Paul E. Flathman Bryon J. Krupp Paul Zottola Jason R. Trausch John H. Carson Ruji Yao Gregory J. Laird Patrick M. Woodhull Douglas E. Jerger Paul R. Lear 《补救:环境净化治理成本、技术与工艺杂志》1996,6(2):57-79
In-situ biological solid-phase (or land) treatment was cost-effectively used to remediate 1,500 cubic yards (1,100 m3) of contaminated soil within three months of field operation following spillage of an estimated 12,000 gallons (45,000 L) of vinyl acetate from a railroad tank car onto surface soil. The vinyl acetate rapidly hydrolyzed to acetate and acetaldehyde with concentrations ranging up to 22,000 and 3,000 mg/kg, respectively. Ethanol, a metabolic intermediate, was found to accumulate in soil to concentrations as high as 280 mg/kg. The estimate for excavation, transportation, and disposal of the contaminated soil as a special waste, and for backfilling of the excavated area, was $850,000. The cost for biological remediation of the contaminated soil was $400,000, which was less than half the cost of excavation. In-situ biological treatments have been used to readily remove contaminants, such as acrylonitrile, styrene, butylcellosolve, ethylacrylate, and n-butylacrylate, at other sites involving railroad incidents. 相似文献
773.
This article reports the first use of coupled electrocoagulation and electro-Fenton (EF-EC) to clean domestic wastewater. Domestic wastewater contains high amounts of organic, inorganic and microbial pollutants that cannot be usually treated in a single step. Here, to produce an effluent suitable for discharge in a single process step, a hybrid process combining electrocoagulation and electro-Fenton was simultaneously used to decrease chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS) from domestic wastewater. The electrocoagulation–electro-Fenton process was firstly tested for the production of H2O2 using Ti–IrO2 and vitreous carbon- or graphite electrodes arranged at the anode and the cathode, respectively. The concentration of H2O2 recorded at 1.5 A of current intensity during 60 min of electrolysis using vitreous carbon- and graphite electrodes at the cathode was 4.18 and 1.62 mg L?1, respectively. By comparison, when the iron electrode was used at the anode, 2.05 and 1.06 mg L?1 of H2O2 were recorded using vitreous carbon and graphite, respectively. The H2O2 concentration decrease was attributed to hydroxyl radical formation generated by the Fenton reaction. Electro-Fenton using iron electrode at the anode and vitreous carbon at the cathode with a current density imposed of 0.34 A dm?2 ensures the removal efficiency of 50.1 % CODT, 70.8 % TSS and 90.4 % turbidity. The electrocoagulation–electro-Fenton technique is therefore a promising secondary treatment to simultaneously remove organic, inorganic and microbial pollutants from domestic, municipal and industrial wastewaters. 相似文献
774.
Venkata Srinivas Challa Jayakumar Indrcanti Julius M. Baham Chuck Patrick Monika K. Rabarison John H. Young Robert Hughes Shelton J. Swanier Mark G. Hardy Anjaneyulu Yerramilli 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2008,8(4):367-387
Mesoscale transport and dispersion of air pollutants from a few major point sources in the Mississippi Gulf coastal region
is calculated using a coupled modeling system consisting of the atmospheric dynamical model WRF and the lagrangian particle
model HYSPLIT. The sensitivity of the dispersion model results to the meteorological fields is studied by conducting an ensemble
of simulations using the WRF model for the same dispersion case. Several parameterization schemes for the physical processes
of boundary layer turbulence and land surface temperature/moisture prediction in WRF are used in various combinations to produce
different meteorological members which are then used for dispersion simulation. The uncertainty in the simulated concentration
probabilities to the meteorological model configurations and the ensemble mean are presented. The parameters used for determining
the uncertainties include the wind fields, temperature, area of concentration and the levels of concentration. The results
indicate that dispersion model results are influenced by the choices made in respect of the planetary boundary layer and land
surface schemes in the mesoscale model to produce the meteorological forecast thereby leading to certain amount of uncertainty
in the resultant concentrations. Results show that the specific choices made about the atmospheric model configuration can
significantly after the simulated concentrations. 相似文献
775.
776.
Habituation and its role in the dear enemy effect was investigated in a population of green frogs, Rana clamitans. Green frogs have a prolonged breeding season, and males defend territories centered around suitable oviposition sites. We
tested the prediction that male green frogs will habituate to broadcasts of synthetic conspecific stimuli. Our results indicate
that male green frogs can discriminate familiar from unfamiliar stimuli. We suggest that habituation helps to mediate the
territorial interactions between male green frogs. Strangers present a greater threat than familiar neighbors. By habituating
to the advertisement vocalizations of their near neighbors, males avoid costly interactions with individuals that are not
a major threat to their territories.
Received: 20 July 1998 / Accepted after revision: 6 September 1998 相似文献
777.
778.
Joshua J. Traylor Ray T. Alisauskas F. Patrick Kehoe 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(7):1085-1097
Young waterfowl can frequently join foster females shortly after hatch, resulting in post-hatch brood amalgamation. Much uncertainty
remains about physiological or ecological factors that motivate adoption including potential costs and benefits to fostered
offspring as well as to females that either lose or accept young. Several hypotheses have been put forth to explain adoption.
In this paper, we examine the salvage strategy (SSH) and accidental-mixing (AMH) hypotheses. According to the SSH, females
abandon or lose their young due to substantial energetic constraints from incubation and brood rearing. The AMH posits that
adoption results from local ecological conditions on breeding areas (i.e., adverse weather conditions, high brood densities)
which act to separate offspring and mothers. We used multistate modeling to estimate relationships between probabilities of
adoption by white-winged scoter (Melanitta fusca) ducklings from natal to foster females and a set of hypothesized ecological covariates. Results showed that most adoption
occurred within 6 days of hatch; additionally, likelihood of adoption was positively related to inclement weather and negatively
related to hatch date, size, and condition of natal females, and duckling condition. We conclude that adoption in this population
is consistent with both the salvage strategy and accidental-mixing hypotheses. Ultimately, we suggest that adoption in our
study population was foremost an outcome of intense gull predation but also of local environmental conditions. 相似文献
779.
Drissa Bamba Patrick Atheba Didier Robert Albert Trokourey Bini Dongui 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2008,6(3):163-167
The occurrence of chlorinated pesticides in wellwaters is a major problem of public health in Ivory Coast and other African
countries. Here, we studied the photocatalytic degradation of the pesticide diuron in aqueous solution in presence of two
commercial TiO2 catalysts, P25 and PC500. The capacity of diuron adsorption at the TiO2 surface is lower for both photocatalysts. The efficiency of photocatalytic degradation of diuron, it is higher using P25
Degussa than PC500 Millenium TiO2 catalyst. 相似文献
780.
Few researchers have developed large-scale habitat models for sympatric carnivore species. We created habitat models for red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), coyotes (Canis latrans) and bobcats (Lynx rufus) in southern Illinois, USA, using the Penrose distance statistic, remotely sensed landscape data, and sighting location data within a GIS. Our objectives were to quantify and spatially model potential habitat differences among species. Habitat variables were quantified for 1-km2 buffered areas around mesocarnivore sighting locations. Following variable reduction procedures, five habitat variables (percentage of grassland patches, interspersion–juxtaposition of forest patches, mean fractal dimension of wetland patches and the landscape, and road density) were used for analysis. Only one variable differed (P < 0.05) between red fox and coyote sighting areas (road density) and bobcat and coyote sighting areas (mean fractal dimension of the landscape). However, all five variables differed between red fox and bobcat sighting areas, indicating considerable differences in habitat affiliation between this pair-group. Compared to bobcats, red fox sightings were affiliated with more grassland cover and larger grassland patches, higher road densities, lower interspersion and juxtaposition of forest patches, and lower mean fractal dimension of wetland patches. These differences can be explained by different life history requirements relative to specific cover types. We then used the Penrose distance statistic to create habitat models for red foxes and bobcats, respectively, based on the five-variable dataset. An independent set of sighting locations were used to validate these models; model fit was good with 65% of mesocarnivore locations within the top 50% of Penrose distance values. In general, red foxes were affiliated with mixtures of agricultural and grassland cover, whereas bobcats were associated with a combination of grassland, wetland, and forest cover. The greatest habitat overlap between red foxes and bobcats was found at the interface between forested areas and more open cover types. Our study provides insight into habitat overlap among sympatric mesocarnivores, and the distance-based modelling approach we used has numerous applications for modelling wildlife–habitat relationships over large scales. 相似文献