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51.
The impact of visual factors on noise annoyance among people living in the vicinity of wind turbines 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Wind turbines are highly visible objects and the response to wind turbine noise is possibly influenced by visual factors. In this study, visibility of the noise source, visual attitude and vertical visual angle (VVA) in different landscapes were explored. Data from two cross-sectional field studies carried out among people living near wind turbines (n=1095) were used for structural equation modelling. A proposed model of the influence of visual attitude on noise annoyance, also comprising the influence of noise level and general attitude, was tested among respondents who could see vs. respondents who could not see wind turbines from their homes, living in flat vs. hilly/rocky terrain, and living in built-up vs. rural areas. Visual attitude towards the noise source was associated with noise annoyance to different degrees in different situations. A negative visual attitude, more than multi-modal effects between auditory and visual stimulation, enhanced the risk for noise annoyance and possibly also prevented psychophysiological restoration possibilities. Aesthetic evaluations of the noise source should be taken into account when exploring response to environmental noise. 相似文献
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Enzymatic activity and quantity of the protease trypsin were measured in individual herring larvae (Clupea harengus L.). The enzymatic activity assay was done using a fluorescence technique, and a radioimmunoassay was used for quantification of trypsin. The results are compared and the differences between the techniques discussed. Both methods gave similar results, as high or low values in trypsin quantity were reflected in high or low values of tryptic activity. Quantity and activity were linearly and positively correlated, but small differences between methods were found at the lowest detection limits. Both techniques reflect high variability between individual larvae. 相似文献
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Geels C Christensen JH Hansen AW Heinemeier J Kiilsholm S Larsen NW Larsen SE Pedersen T Sørensen LL Brandt J Frohn LM Djurhuus S 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,117(1-3):387-409
As part of the Danish NEAREX project the origin and variability of anthropogenic atmospheric CO2 over the Northeast Atlantic Region (NEAR) has been studied. The project consisted of a combination of experimental and modelling
activities. Local volunteers operated CO2 sampling stations, built at University of Copenhagen, for 14C analysis at four locations (East Denmark, Shetland Isles, Faroe Isles and Iceland). The samples were only collected during
winter periods of south-easterly winds in an attempt to trace air enriched in fossil-fuel derived CO2 due to combustion of fossil fuels within European countries. In order to study the transport and concentration fields over
the region in detail, a three-dimensional Eulerian hemispheric air pollution model has been extended to include the main anthropogenic
sources for atmospheric CO2. During the project period (1998–2001) only a few episodes of transport from Central Europe towards NEAR arose, which makes
the data set for the evaluation of the method sparse. The analysed samples indicate that the signal for fossil CO2, as expected, is largest (up to 3.7±0.4% fossil CO2) at the Danish location closest to the European emissions areas and much weaker (up to ∼1.5±0.6% fossil CO2) at the most remote location. As the anthropogenic signal is weak in the clean atmosphere over NEAR these numbers will, however,
be very sensitive to the assumed background 14CO2 activity and the precision of the measurements. The model simulations include the interplay between the driving processes
from the emission into the boundary layer and the following horizontal/vertical mixing and atmospheric transport and are used
to analyse the meteorological conditions leading to the observed events of high fossil CO2 over NEAR. This information about the history of the air masses is essential if an observed signal is to be utilised for
identifying and quantifying sources for fossil CO2. 相似文献
57.
The EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) aims to protect the ecological status of coastal waters. To establish acceptable boundaries between good and moderate ecological status, the WFD calls for reference conditions practically undisturbed by human impact. For Denmark, the nitrogen (N) concentrations present around year 1900 have been suggested to represent reference conditions. As the N load of coastal waters relates closely to runoff from land, any reduction in load links to agricultural activity. We challenge the current use of historical N balances to establish WFD reference conditions and initiate an alternative approach based on parish-level land-use statistics collected 1896/1900 and N concentrations in root zone percolates from experiments with year 1900-relevant management. This approach may be more widely applicable for landscapes with detailed historic information on agricultural activity. Using this approach, we find an average N concentration in root zone percolates that is close to that of current agriculture. Thus, considering Danish coastal waters to be practically unaffected by human activity around year 1900 remains futile as 75% of the land area was subject to agricultural activity with a substantial potential for N loss to the environment. It appears unlikely that the ecological state of coastal waters around year 1900 may serve as WFD reference condition. 相似文献
58.
Scheutz C Fredenslund AM Chanton J Pedersen GB Kjeldsen P 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2011,31(5):1018-1028
Landfills are significant sources of atmospheric methane (CH4) that contributes to climate change, and therefore there is a need to reduce CH4 emissions from landfills. A promising cost efficient technology is to integrate compost into landfill covers (so-called “biocovers”) to enhance biological oxidation of CH4. A full scale biocover system to reduce CH4 emissions was installed at Fakse landfill, Denmark using composted yard waste as active material supporting CH4 oxidation. Ten biowindows with a total area of 5000 m2 were integrated into the existing cover at the 12 ha site. To increase CH4 load to the biowindows, leachate wells were capped, and clay was added to slopes at the site. Point measurements using flux chambers suggested in most cases that almost all CH4 was oxidized, but more detailed studies on emissions from the site after installation of the biocover as well as measurements of total CH4 emissions showed that a significant portion of the emission quantified in the baseline study continued unabated from the site. Total emission measurements suggested a reduction in CH4 emission of approximately 28% at the end of the one year monitoring period. This was supported by analysis of stable carbon isotopes which showed an increase in oxidation efficiency from 16% to 41%. The project documented that integrating approaches such a whole landfill emission measurements using tracer techniques or stable carbon isotope measurements of ambient air samples are needed to document CH4 mitigation efficiencies of biocover systems. The study also revealed that there still exist several challenges to better optimize the functionality. The most important challenges are to control gas flow and evenly distribute the gas into the biocovers. 相似文献
59.
Martin Hvarregaard Thorse Mikael Skou Andersen Mark V. Brady Morten Graversgaard Emils Kilis Anders Branth Pedersen Samuli Pitzn Helena Valve 《Ambio》2022,51(1):36
Following decades of international collaboration to restore the Baltic Sea, we provide an assessment of the domestic implementation of measures agreed to limit diffuse agricultural pollution and the patterns of policy instruments applied. Despite the Helsinki Convention being unusually specific in detailing what measures countries should introduce, we find many shortcomings. These are most pronounced in the larger countries (Poland, Germany and Russia), while smaller countries perform better, notably Sweden and Estonia. The patterns of policy instruments applied differ, influenced by domestic politics. The limited use of complementary policy instruments suggests that other priorities overrule full and effective implementation, with engagement mirroring the advantages that a restored Baltic Sea can bring to countries. Using the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development to support farmers in managing nutrients, particularly advisory services and investments in modern manure management technologies, represents a significant opportunity for reducing agricultural pollution in most countries.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01549-3. 相似文献
60.
Anne-Michelle Slater Ole W. Pedersen 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2009,52(6):797-812
This paper considers the concept of environmental justice in Scotland. It reviews the research and developments in law and policy in this area, starting with the Dynamic Earth speech in Edinburgh in 2002. It analyses the findings by grouping causes and solutions to environmental justice and identifies a particularly wide definition of the concept in Scotland. It concludes that the inclusion of social justice is a defining feature of environmental justice in Scotland; however, measures to mitigate environmental injustice are being implemented in an incremental way, with the most significant achievements being through the implementation of international obligations. 相似文献