世界银行贷款云南环境项目中的移民问题

工程项目带来的移民是一个破坏性非常大的复杂过程，关系着工程建设与营运的成败。世行移民政策的目标是保证受工程影响的人能从工程中受益。以滇池污染治理为主体的世行贷款云南并存项目，通过系统规划和预先编制行搬迁动计划，并通过方案比较和设计调整，使征地和受影响人数量减少到最低限度，保证了项目的顺利评估。     

Microbiological aspects of humid husk composting

The feasibility of composting as disposal practice of husk mixed with olive mill wastewaters (OMW) was studied in the present research. The process was investigated with regards to some reliable and easy to be determined microbial activity parameters such as the ATP content, the activity of a pool of enzymes and the viable counts, keeping in mind the well known bias of this last technique. Two different composting technologies were compared: static pile and reactor by studying the cured composts obtained. Among the bioindicators tested, the composting process trend was described better by the ATP content and the activity of some enzymes. In fact, the ATP content showed an increase during the thermophilic phase in both the pile and the reactor, and decreased at the end of the process, it was also higher in the bioreactor-pile technology than in the pile. With regard to the enzymatic activity, with the reactor technology experiment, two peaks were evidenced in the thermophilic phase and during the curing phase in pile, and a drop during the transfer of material from the reactor to the pile. The quality of the cured product obtained using the reactor technology has been evaluated considering phytoxicity and hygienic features: the stabilised compost resulted to have neither phytoxical effect, nor faecal indicator contaminants.     

紫外高级氧化工艺降解水溶液中的人工甜味剂

人工甜味剂（ASs）作为一类新兴污染物在世界范围内的各种水体中被广泛检出,本文选取具有代表性的糖精（SAC）作为研究对象,探讨了紫外/过氧化氢（UV/H₂O₂）和UV/过硫酸盐（PS）两种高级氧化工艺（AOPs）降解SAC的动力学、影响因素、矿化率、转化产物和降解机制.结果表明：单独的UV、PS和H₂O₂对SAC的去除效果有限（去除率<5%）,UV/H₂O₂和UV/PS工艺对SAC的去除效果良好（去除率>99%）且降解符合伪一阶动力学,速率分别为0.38 min^-1和0.09 min^-1.降低溶液pH值、增大PS浓度均可促进SAC降解;但随着H₂O₂浓度的升高,SAC降解效率先增加后减小.相比UV/PS工艺,UV/H₂O₂工艺降解SAC的矿化率更高（可达43%）.产物鉴定结果表明,两种UV-AOPs氧化降解SAC均会生成开环产物,表明反应会破坏SAC分子中的N—S结构.此外,UV/H₂O₂工艺更易生成羟基化产物,二聚体产物仅在UV/PS工艺中被检测到.     

Applying TRIZ principles in crowd management

Overcrowding that happens in places like concerts, stadiums or pilgrimage locations might sometimes cause injury or loss of life. Maintaining the safety of crowd in these places is therefore very important. In addition, increasing the performance of the buildings and structures has always been an important concern. Most of the previous work focused on using new devices and methods for monitoring and management of the crowd but they rarely focus on a comprehensive and structured approach with the purpose of increasing efficiency and safety. In this paper, we explore a Russian “Theory of Inventive Problem Solving”, TRIZ, to see whether its principles can help us to solve or improve overcrowding issues. More specifically we find the contradictions that arise in the context of crowd management and we observe which of the categorical solutions suggested by TRIZ might possibly be useful for our problem. Increasing the crowd capacity in a relatively small area, which leads to overcrowding, is one of the common contradictions in crowd management. TRIZ has been suggested as a good method for solving problems which involve contradiction and thus, chosen for this purpose.     

Genomic analyses of metal resistance genes in three plant growth promoting bacteria of legume plants in Northwest mine tailings, China

To better understand the diversity of metal resistance genetic determinant from microbes that survived atmetal tailings in northwest of China, a highly elevated level of heavymetal containing region, genomic analyses was conducted using genome sequence of three native metal-resistant plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB). It shows that: Mesorhizobium amorphae CCNWGS0123 contains metal transporters from P-type ATPase, CDF (Cation Diffusion Facilitator), HupE/UreJ and CHR (chromate ion transporter) family involved in copper, zinc, nickel as well as chromate resistance and homeostasis. Meanwhile, the putative CopA/CueO system is expected to mediate copper resistance in Sinorhizobium meliloti CCNWSX0020 while ZntA transporter, assisted with putative CzcD, determines zinc tolerance in Agrobacterium tumefaciens CCNWGS0286. The greenhouse experiment provides the consistent evidence of the plant growth promoting effects of these microbes on their hosts by nitrogen fixation and/or indoleacetic acid (IAA) secretion, indicating a potential in-site phytoremediation usage in themining tailing regions of China.     

硝化细菌对碘普罗胺的降解及作用机制

将富含硝化细菌的驯化污泥投放于培养基中,以碘普罗胺(IOPr)为处理对象,研究硝化细菌对IOPr的降解促进作用情况。结果表明,富集培养的硝化细菌能有效地促进IOPr的降解,最佳反应条件为:温度30℃,pH 8.0~8.5,初始投加浓度为10 mg/L,同时在硝化细菌存在条件下,IOPr的5 d降解率可达84.1%。IOPr的生物降解属于共代谢机制,向培养基中加入葡萄糖、可溶性淀粉和麦芽糖,可以显著提高IOPr的降解去除率;在投加500 mg/L葡萄糖作为外加碳源时,硝化细菌对IOPr的3 d降解率可达60.3%。     

羽毛角蛋白海绵材料对亚甲基蓝的吸附去除

以羽毛角蛋白提取后产生的残渣为原料,采用简单物理法制得角蛋白海绵材料,通过扫描电镜和红外光谱对其表观形貌和表面结构进行表征,同时以亚甲基蓝染料作为实验对象,考察制得的海绵材料对其吸附特性和去除效果。结果表明,当吸附平衡时间为1 440 min、亚甲基蓝溶液初始浓度为100 mg/L、海绵材料投加量为0.06 g、反应温度为25℃、溶液pH为7.0时,海绵材料对亚甲基蓝的吸附去除率可达98%以上,同时由Langmuir等温吸附模型拟合结果可知,海绵材料对亚甲基蓝的最大吸附量可达151.5 mg/g。因此,将羽毛角蛋白提取后产生的残渣可制备良好的染料吸附剂,取得良好的环境效益。     

Detection of hormones in surface and drinking water in Brazil by LC-ESI-MS/MS and ecotoxicological assessment with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Daphnia magna</Emphasis>

The growing use of pharmaceutical drug is mainly due to several diseases in human and in animal husbandry. As these drugs are discharged into waterways via wastewater, they cause a major impact on the environment. Many of these drugs are hormones; in which even at low concentrations can alter metabolic and physiological functions in many organisms. Hormones were found in surface water, groundwater, soil, and sediment at concentrations from nanograms to milligrams per liter of volume—quantities known to cause changes in the endocrine system of aquatic organisms. This study aimed to develop a methodology for hormone detection (estriol, estrone, 17β-estradiol, 17α-ethinylestradiol, progesterone, and testosterone) on surface and treated water samples. Sample toxicity was assessed by ecotoxicology tests using Daphnia magna. A liquid chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer with an electrospray ionization source (LC-ESI-MS/MS) was used for the analysis. The results showed that samples were contaminated by the hormones estriol, estrone, progesterone, 17β-estradiol, and 17α-ethinylestradiol during the sampling period, and the highest concentrations measured were 90, 28, 26, 137, and 194 ng·L^?1, respectively. This indicates the inflow of sewage containing these hormones at some points in the Piracicaba River in the State of Sao Paulo—Brazil. Results indicated little toxicity of the hormone estriol in D. magna, indicating that chronic studies with this microcrustacean are necessary.