黄河三角洲滩涂区大型底栖动物群落数量特征

在对黄河三角洲河口滩涂区主要市地类型大型底栖动物调查的基础上,采用定性与定量相结合的方法,利用物种丰度、生物量、丰富度指数、物种多样性指数、均匀度及生态优势度指数等指标对3种梯度带8类典型样地下的大型底柄动物进行群落特征调查分析.结果表明,①黄河口滩涂区共有大型底柄动物30种,隶属于节肢动物门、软体动物门及环节动物门,共7纲24科25属;大型底柄动物种类南多到少为节肢动物>环节动物>软体动物,平均生物量为19.48 g·m-2,平均丰度为679.04 ind·m-2,生物量由多到少为节肢动物>软体动物>环节动物.②随着南水生生境过渡到旱生生境,河口滩涂区大型底栖动物物种丰富度和多样性均有减少趋势,生态优势度有增加的趋势,其生物种类、生物量和丰度表现为芦苇湿地>海防林带>盐碱滩.③随着季节的变化,不同样地类型的物种丰度和生物量变化幅度很大,夏季比春季高;但生态优势度指数随季节变化不明显,由春季到夏季底柄动物在物种均匀度上表现为减弱趋势,而物种多样性总体上表现为增加趋势.     

北京市凉水河污灌区土壤重金属累积和形态分析

采用野外定点连续采样和室内分析相结合的方法,对北京市凉水河污灌区土壤中Cu、Zn、Cr、Pb、Ni等重金属在土壤中的累积及其化学形态进行了系统研究.结果表明,①凉水河污灌区土壤中重金属的质量分数均高于北京地区的土壤背景值,特别是Cu和Pb分别达到北京市土壤环境背景值的3.47倍和4.53倍,凉水河污灌区土壤已经发生明显的重金属累积.②土壤重金属元素之间相关分析表明研究地区存在重金属复合污染,土壤有机质与土壤重金属显著相关表明污灌可能是导致土壤重金属富集的重要原因;土壤各理化性质与土壤重金属相关性表现不一致,土壤重金属富集与迁移的影响因素复杂多样.③Tessier连续提取法测定土壤5种重金属的形态分布规律均为:残渣态>铁锰结合态>有机结合态>碳酸盐结合态>可交换态,铁锰结合态含量较高与污水中铁锰含量较高具有一定的关系;凉水河污灌区重金属潜在迁移能力顺序为:Cu>Zn>Pb>Ni>Cr.④综合分析各土壤重金属富集状况、形态分布及其生态毒性,Cu和Pb是凉水河污灌区土壤中需要优先控制的重金属.     

13.5~2.5 Ma索尔库里盆地沉积物碳氧同位素对古气候演化的记录

索尔库里盆地位于青藏高原东北缘,柴达木盆地的北部,气候恶劣、交通不便,研究资料匮乏。通过对索尔库里北盆地彩虹沟剖面新近纪中后期沉积物的古地磁测年和碳酸盐碳氧同位素质谱分析,揭示了索尔库里盆地13.5~2.5 Ma长序列气候演变过程。13.5~9.2 Ma时期相对冷干,9.2~5.3 Ma时期相对温湿,5.3~3.9 Ma时期相对暖湿,3.9~2.5 Ma时期再次转为冷干。11 Ma左右,青藏高原东北缘隆升到阻止印度洋暖湿气流向北方运输的高度,地处走滑盆地的索尔库里地区逐渐变得极其干旱,标志着亚洲内陆干旱化在此背景下开始。红粘土磁化率和碳氧同位素变化等证据显示,西风在本区贯穿始终,而季风的出现加剧了亚洲内陆古气候的干湿更迭,对区域及全球古气候重建具有重要意义。     

Simultaneous size characterization and mass quantification of the in vivo core-biocorona structure and dissolved species of silver nanoparticles

Size characterization of silver nanoparticles with biomolecule corona(AgNP@BCs) and mass quantification of various silver species in organisms are essential for understanding the in vivo transformation of Ag NPs. Herein, we report a versatile method that allows simultaneous determination of the size of AgNP@BCs and mass concentration of various silver species in rat liver. Both particulate and ionic silver were extracted in their original forms from the organs by alkaline digestion, and analyzed by size exclusion chromatography combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(SEC-ICP-MS). While the silver mass concentrations were quantified by ICP-MS with a detection limit of 0.1 μg/g, the effective diameter of AgNP@BCs was determined based on the retention time in SEC separation with size discrimination of 0.6-3.3 nm. More importantly, we found that the BC thickness of AgNP@BCs is core size independent, and a linear correlation was found between the effective diameter and core diameter of AgNP@BCs in extracted tissues, which was used to calibrate the core diameter with standard deviations in the range of 0.2-1.1 nm. The utility of this strategy was demonstrated through application to rat livers in vivo. Our method is powerful for investigating the transformation mechanism of Ag NPs in vivo.     

武汉市大气PM2.5中水溶性离子污染特征及来源

于2016年8月—2017年4月采集了武汉市PM2.5样品,使用离子色谱法分析了PM2.5中的水溶性离子(F-、Cl-、SO2-4、NO-3、Na+、NH+4、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+),并研究其污染特征及来源.结果表明,武汉市PM2.5质量浓度变化范围为24.8～215.7μg·m-3,均值为(81.3±38.1)μg·m-3.9种水溶性离子的年均质量浓度占PM2.5质量浓度的29.3%,其中,SO2-4、NO-3、NH+4(三者合称SNA)为主要的水溶性离子,SNA占PM2.5质量浓度的23.3%～32.0%.硫氧化率(SOR)和氮氧化率(NOR)年均值分别为0.4、0.1,说明武汉市大气存在较强的SO2向SO2-4、NO2向NO-3转化的二次过程.观测期间,武汉市的细颗粒物整体呈弱碱性.Ca2+与Mg2+,以及NH+4与NO-3、SO2-4等均有显著相关性,NH+4、NO-3、SO2-4主要以(NH4)2SO4和NH4NO3的形式存在.武汉市全年NO-3/SO2-4比值为0.9,表明固定源贡献相对较大.主成分分析结果表明,武汉市大气PM2.5中水溶性离子主要来自于燃煤及机动车排放、工业生产、扬尘等.     

流域管理与区域管理矛盾研究——以丹江口水库流域为例

根据南水北调中线水源地丹江口水库流域水资源及其管理现状,辨析出其主要矛盾为流域管理与区域管理的矛盾。按行政区划为单元的分级分部门水资源管理体制、水利系统内部流域管理机构与地方水利部门管理职能的交叉、相关行政执法部门受本级政府行政领导而仅在业务上接受上级部门指导的制度,以及地方发展经济的压力,这些因素共同造成两者的矛盾。在此基础上,提出了完善该流域水资源管理的若干建议,以确保中线调水的成功和该地区的可持续发展。     

Lead removal from water using organic acrylic amine fiber (AAF) and inorganic-organic P-AAF, fixed bed filtration and surface-induced precipitation

Granular porous sorbents were normally used for heavy metals removal from water. To search for the new commercial sorbent and treatment strategy, an organic acrylic amine fiber (AAF) and phosphorus loading inorganic-organic AAF (P-AAF) were prepared and used for lead (Pb) removal from water. A new strategy of inorganic-organic coupling technology was proposed for Pb removal, based on the hypothesis of surface-induced precipitation mechanism. The AAF showed a Pb adsorption capacity of 417 mg/g from the Langmuir fitting, while the column filtration technology was further applied to measure the adsorption edge and applications. Effects of different initial Pb concentrations, hydraulic retention time, and co-existing P were considered in the filtration experiments. The presence of 0.8 mg/L P in water significantly improved the Pb breakthrough point from 15,000 to 41,000 bed volumes of water spiked with 85 µg/L Pb, while the P-AAF fixed bed showed better removal of Pb than AAF SEM/EDX and XRD spectra were employed for determining the surface functional groups and the formation of surface-induced precipitation of pyromorphite (Pb₅(PO₄)₃OH) on AAF. This study verified the application of AAF sorbent for Pb removal and the enhanced effect of coating P on AAF, thus improved our fundamental understanding and application of the surface chemistry process of Pb with P.     

若干人工调控措施对富营养化湖泊藻类种群的影响

在太湖用围隔试验,研究湖泊底泥稳外源污染对富;营养化湖泊藻类种群的影响,结果表明,在没有底泥和外源污染（相于当彻底清淤和截污）的情况下,围区内（２００ｍ＾２）水体氮磷浓度均有明显下降,但藻类生物量却急剧上升,且出现“藻华”,结合南京玄武湖和杭州西湖的截污、清淤挖泥、引水冲污等富营养化防治措施的实际效果分析,探讨了截污、清淤、引水冲污对营养几湖泊藻类种群的影响,指出对严重富营养化的湖泊,单纯采取截污     

Perfluorinated compounds in Haihe River and Dagu Drainage Canal in Tianjin, China

In this study, nine perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were investigated in water and sediment of Haihe River (HR) and Dagu Drainage Canal (DDC), Tianjin, China. The total PFCs in water samples from DDC (40-174 ng L⁻¹) was much greater than those from HR (12-74 ng L⁻¹). PFC contamination was severe at lower reaches of HR due to industry activities, while high PFCs were found in the middle of DDC due to the effluents from wastewater treatment plants. Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were the predominant PFCs in aqueous phase. The total PFCs in sediments from DDC (1.6-7.7 ng g⁻¹ dry weight) were lower as compared to HR (7.1-16 ng g⁻¹), maybe due to the dredging of sediment in DDC conducted recently. PFOS was the major PFC in HR sediments followed by PFOA; while PFHxA was the major PFC in DDC sediments. Organic carbon calibrated sediment-water distribution coefficients (K_OC) were calculated for HR. The Log K_OC ranged from 3.3 to 4.4 for C7-C11 perfluorinated carboxylic acids, increasing by 0.1-0.6 log units with each additional CF₂ moiety. The log K_OC for 8:2 fluorotelomer unsaturated acid was reported for the first time with a mean value of 4.0. The log Koc of PFOS was higher than perfluoronanoic acid by 0.8 log units.     

Heavy metal pollution status in surface sediments of Swan Lake lagoon and Rongcheng Bay in the northern Yellow Sea

The national ‘Shandong Peninsula Blue Economic Zone Development Plan’ compels the further understanding of the distribution and potential risk of metals pollution in the east coast of China, where the rapid economic and urban development have been taken off and metal pollution has become a noticeable problem. Surface sediments collected from the largest swan habitat in Asia, the Swan Lake lagoon and the surrounding coastal area in Rongcheng Bay in northern Yellow Sea, were analyzed for the total metal concentrations and chemical phase partitioning of five heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Cr). Metal contents in the studied region have increased significantly in the past decade. The speciation analyzed by the sequential extraction showed that Zn and Cr were present dominantly in the residual fraction and thus of low bioavailability, while Cd, Pb and Cu were found mostly in the non-residual fraction thus of high potential availability, indicating significant anthropogenic sources. Among the five metals, Cd is the most outstanding pollutant and presents high risk, and half of the surface sediments in the studied region had a 21% probability of toxicity based on the mean Effect Range-Median Quotient. At some stations with comparable total metal contents, remarkably different non-residual fraction portions were determined, pointing out that site-specific risk assessment integrating speciation is crucial for better management practices of coastal sediments.