调水后东平湖浮游植物群落结构及水质生物评价

东平湖是南水北调东线工程的重要调蓄湖泊,在防洪、灌溉、休闲旅游、水产养殖及水资源供应等方面发挥着至关重要的作用.为了解南水北调东线调水后的东平湖浮游植物群落结构及水体健康状态,于2016年4月(春季)、7月(夏季)、10月(秋季)及2017年1月(冬季)对东平湖不同空间区域(根据调水路线划分为进水区、湖中区和出水区)的...     

陕西省苹果花期冻害风险评估及预测技术研究

苹果花期冻害风险评估及预测对促进苹果产业合理规划布局,减轻气象灾害损失有十分重要的意义。以冻害风险灾损率为指标,对陕西苹果基地县的冻害发生风险进行了评估,开发了基于数值预报模式和G IS技术的花期冻害中短期预测模型,将冻害温度预报扩大到乡镇级并实现了业务化解释应用。     

永定河底栖动物生物完整性指数构建与健康评价

构建大型底栖动物生物完整性指数是河流健康评价与河流修复的重要步骤.根据2017年4月永定河流域23个采样点的大型底栖动物生物监测数据,基于监测点水质状况与栖息地质量综合评估指数得分,选择潮白河水系大型底栖动物类群相似且人为干扰较小的5个监测点作为参照区域,构建永定河B-IBI（大型底栖动物生物完整性指数）.通过对大型底栖动物33个生物参数的分布范围检验、判别能力分析和Spearman相关性检验,最终确定永定河B-IBI由总分类单元数、蜉蝣目（E）-襀翅目（P）-毛翅目（T）个体相对丰度、优势分类单元个体相对丰度、摇蚊科个体相对丰度、敏感类群分类单元数、科级耐污指数（family biotic index,FBI值）等6个核心参数构成.采用生物完整性研究中常用的比值法和三分法构建的B-IBI评价得分体系.结果表明,两种方法计算出的B-IBI均具有较高的判别能力,均能较好地判别参照水体和受损水体的健康状况,二者具有较高的相关性和一致性（R>0.90）.永定河河流健康评价结果表明,洋河、桑干河和永定河干流监测点B-IBI平均得分分别为1.97、1.86和1.78,妫水河B-IBI平均值为2.48,23个采样点中有16个处于较差状态,7个处于一般状态.相关性分析表明,B-IBI指数与栖息地质量综合评估指数得分、ρ（DO）呈显著正相关,与ρ（NH₄+）、浊度、电导率呈显著负相关,表明B-IBI指数对于栖息地人为干扰和水质污染均具有较强的指示作用.研究显示,永定河大型底栖动物生物完整性基本丧失,全流域底栖动物群落呈现全面退化趋势,识别影响大型底栖动物群落的关键要素、恢复永定河河流生态系统结构和功能研究亟待开展.      

Mechanism of combination membrane and electro-winning process on treatment and remediation of Cu^2＋ polluted water body

Mechanism of treatment and remediation of synthetic Cu2+ polluted water body by membrane and electro-winning combination process was investigated. The influences of electrolysis voltage, pH, and electrolysis time on the metal recovery efficiencies were studied. Relationship between trans-membrane pressure drop ( P), additions ratio, initial Cu2+ concentration on operating efficiency, stability of membrane and the possibility of water reuse were also investigated. The morphology of membrane and electrodes were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the composition of surface deposits was ascertained using combined energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results showed that using low pressure reverse osmosis (LPRO), Cu2+ concentration could increase from 20 to 100 mg/L or even higher in concentrated solutions and permeate water conductivity could be less than 20 μS/cm. The addition of sodium dodecy/sulfate sodium dodecyl sulfate improved Cu2+ removal efficiency, while EDTA had little side influence. In electro-reduction process, using plante electrode cell, Cu2+ concentration could be further reduced to 5 mg/L, and the average current efficiency ranged from 9% to 40%. Using 3D electrolysis treatment, Cu2+ concentration could be reduced to 0.5 mg/L with a current efficiency range 60%–70%.     

Effects of UV-B radiation on the growth interaction of Ulva pertusa and Alexandrium tamarense

Enhanced UV-B(280-320nm) radiation resulting from ozone depletion is one of global environmental problems. Not only marine organisms but also marine ecosystems can be affected by enhanced UV-B radiation. The effects of UV-B radiation on interaction of macro-algae and micro-algae were investigated using Ulva pertusa Kjellman and Alexandrium tamarense as the materials in this study. The results demonstrated that UV-B radiation could inhibit the growth of Ulva pertusa and Alexandrium tamarense when they were both mono-cultured, and the growth inhibition of algae was more significant with increasing doses of UV-B radiation. Alexandrium tamarense could inhibit the growth of Ulva pertusa in mixed culture, and the growth inhibition was more significant when increasing the initial cell density. However, Ulva pertusa could inhibit the growth of Alexandrium tamarense in early phase and stimulate the growth in latter phase when they were grown in mixed culture. Lower initial cell density(10^2 cell/ml) of Alexandrium tamarense could inhibit the growth of Ulva pertusa under UV-B radiation treatment,however, with the initial cell density increasing( 10^3 and 10^4 cell/ml), the growth of Ulva pertusa was stimulated under lower dose of UV-B radiation and inhibited under higher dose of UV-B radiation by Alexandrium tamarense. Compared with that in mixed culture, Ulva pertusa showed more positive inhibition to the growth of Alexandrium tamarense under UV-B radiation treatment.     

包气带砂层中生物作用对垃圾渗滤液中污染物的去除研究

通过2个砂柱的对比实验,研究了包气带砂层中生物作用对垃圾渗滤液污染物去除的影响.实验中首先确定了HgCl2为生物作用抑制剂,最佳抑制浓度为10 mg/L.然后砂柱1采用垃圾渗滤液进行淋滤,砂柱2采用加入了10 mg/L HgCl2的垃圾渗滤液进行淋滤.实验结果表明,随着淋滤时间的延长,砂柱1中的生物作用逐渐增强;到实验结束时,垃圾渗滤液COD和BOD5的浓度分别降低了2 724 mg/L和2 332.5 mg/L,NH 4的含量从1 282.82 mg/L上升到1 745.48 mg/L,TN的去除效果并不明显;砂柱2由于生物作用受到了抑制剂的抑制作用,当垃圾渗滤液污染物质穿透砂柱后,其浓度基本保持平稳.根据实验结果得到砂柱中生物降解COD的一级衰减动力学模型.     

北京市机动车尾气排放因子研究

通过调研北京市机动车车型构成、车辆行驶工况、环境温度、油品品质等基础数据,利用COPERTⅣ模型计算了机动车尾气中CO、NOx、HC和PM的排放因子.应用车载测试系统对典型轻型汽油客车和柴油货车的实际道路排放因子进行测量,并将测量结果与模型计算结果对比,结果发现国Ⅳ标准下,轻型汽油客车的CO排放因子的实测数据是模型数据的0.96倍,NOx的实测数据是模型数据的0.64倍,HC的实测数据是模型数据的4.89倍.对于国Ⅲ排放标准的柴油货车,轻型、中型和重型货车的CO排放因子,实测数据分别是模型数据的1.61、1.07和1.76倍,NOx排放因子的实测数据是模型数据的1.04、1.21和1.18倍,HC排放因子的实测数据是模型数据的3.75、1.84和1.47倍,PM排放因子则为模型数据是实测数据的1.31、3.42和6.42倍.     

表面活性剂对土壤中重金属清洗及有效态的影响

采用两种常用的表面活性剂-十二烷基苯磺酸钠(阴离子型)、Tween-80(非离子型),对锦州铁合金厂周边Zn、Cd及Pb重金属污染土壤进行化学修复试验,研究两种表面活性剂对重金属Zn、Cd及Pb的去除率及化学形态影响.结果表明,随着表面活性剂浓度的提高,两种表面活性剂对Pb、Cd及Zn的去除作用增强,Tween-80溶液的浓度越高,对重金属的萃取效果越好,对重金属的去除能力大小顺序为Cd>Zn>Pb,最大去除率分别为83.07%、56.78%及42.57%;十二烷基苯磺酸钠在低浓度时对Cd和Pb的去除效果不明显,而对金属Zn的去除效果较好,在0.09 mol.L-1时达到最大值83.86%;与淋溶前土壤中重金属有效态含量相比较,经不同浓度十二烷基苯磺酸钠淋洗后土壤中Cd有效态含量随LAS浓度的升高而先增加后下降,而Pb的有效态含量随十二烷基苯磺酸钠升高而增加;经不同浓度Tween-80淋洗后土壤中Zn及Cd有效态含量都是随Tween-80浓度的升高而先增加后下降,Pb有效态含量随Tween-80升高而下降.     

华北高产农田长期不同耕作方式下土壤呼吸及其季节变化规律

对华北平原高产农田生态系统2004年的土壤呼吸状况进行了分析,探讨了不同耕作方式下土壤呼吸量的季节变化规律.结果表明,土壤呼吸量的季节变化趋势与当地气候状况紧密相关,在暖温带半湿润大陆性季风气候的影响下,该地春季干旱,夏季雨热同期,土壤呼吸量春季缓慢升高,峰值出现在温度、降水均较高的7月,最大值约为20 g·m-2·d-1(以CO2计),之后逐步回落.不同的耕作措施能够影响土壤呼吸量,本试验研究的3种因素对土壤呼吸量有显著影响(p＜0.01),播种前先翻耕30 cm、播种后覆盖麦秸、不施氮素、施磷75 kg·hm-2·a-1的处理土壤呼吸量最高.5 cm、10 cm地温是影响土壤呼吸的重要因素,土壤呼吸对5 cm地温的敏感性更强,指数方程的模拟较好地表明了土壤呼吸与地温的关系.     

固定化生物活性炭纤维处理餐饮废水的研究

采用砂滤-固定化生物活性炭纤维技术处理餐饮废水,通过对油、浊度、COD、UV254四个重要指标去除率的测定评价处理效果。方法:餐饮废水经过砂滤后在中间水池中进行曝气,将曝气后的水样通过固定好微生物的生物活性炭纤维柱,测定出水指标。结果:该工艺处理后水样的浊度去除率为83%、UV254去除率为67%、COD去除率为84%,油的去除率为91%。结论:采用砂滤-固定化生物活性炭纤维技术处理餐饮废水是可行的。该工艺对废水中的浊度、COD、UV254均有很好的去除作用,出水水质比较稳定。