石化企业地表水环境风险应急设施的环境风险识别

地表水环境风险应急设施是有效消除或降低石化企业的地表水环境风险的基础,在运行中也存在一定的环境风险,也会发生事故并对环境造成严重的负面影响。文章在探讨环境风险类型和风险识别范围的基础上,对石化企业地表水环境风险应急设施的环境风险识别进行了探索性研究。并结合我国西部某大型石化企业的地表水环境应急设施实例,运用故障树分析法进行了环境风险识别的分析,指出了其可能存在的故障。     

UV-B辐射增强和蒽对3种赤潮微藻生长的相互作用

通过实验生态学的方法,研究了赤潮异弯藻、亚历山大藻和中肋骨条藻的生长对UV-B辐射增强和蒽处理的响应.结果表明:低剂量的UV-B辐射和低浓度的蒽处理对3种赤潮微藻的生长有刺激作用,而高剂量的UV-B辐射处理和高浓度的蒽处理对3种赤潮微藻的生长均显示出抑制作用.UV-B辐射对赤潮异弯藻、亚历山大藻和中肋骨条藻的96 h半抑制剂量分别为1.63、2.34和2.58 J/m2,蒽处理对赤潮异弯藻、亚历山大藻和中肋骨条藻的96 h半抑制剂量分别为0.078、0.119和0.112 mg/L.在刺激浓度的蒽处理的同时,添加刺激剂量的UV-B辐射条件下,3种赤潮微藻的生长同样表现出了抑制作用.     

Nitrobenzene biodegradation ability of microbial communities in water and sediments along Songhua River after a nitrobenzene pollution event

More than 100 t of nitrobenzene (NB) and related compounds were discharged into the Songhua River, the fourth longest river in China, because of the world-shaking explosion of an aniline production factory located in Jilin City on November 13, 2005. As one of the efforts to predict the fate of residual NB in the river, NB biodegradation abilities of the microbes in the water and sediments from different river sections were evaluated systematically. The results indicated that microbial communities from any section of the river, including one section at the upper stream of the NB discharging point, had the ability to biodegrade NB under aerobic (for river water samples) conditions at 22±1℃ or anaerobic (for sediment samples) conditions at 10±1℃. NB degradation rates of microbial communities in the downstream sites were markedly higher than those in the upstream site, indicating that the NB degradation abilities were enhanced because of the pollution of NB. Aerobic degradation got neglected at a temperature of 10℃ or lower. The production of nitrosobenzene and aniline during the aerobic biodegradation suggested the existence of at least two different NB degradation pathways, and the occurrence of the catechol-2,3-dioxygenase (C23O) gene and the significant decrease of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) indicated that NB could be mineralized under aerobic conditions. Although it was a fact that the river have frozen-up during the NB accident, it was speculated that biodegradation was not the major process responsible for the decrease of NB flux in the river.     

Evaluating the low-carbon development of urban China

Facing the ever-increasing serious pollution from carbon emission and the pressing need for sustainable development, China initiated the strategy of low-carbon development in 2010. Since then, eight cities and five provinces have been selected as pilot areas to develop a low-carbon economy. Under such a circumstance, this study aimed to construct a indicator system and evaluating model so that the low-carbon development levels of the pilot cities can be quantified. Therefore, this study, based the on Driving Force–Pressure–State–Impact–Response model, established a regional low-carbon development indicator system. Second, the weight of each indicator was calculated by taking the entropy method. Third, the low-carbon development levels were measured and evaluated by taking the comprehensive approach of Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution. Then, taking 10 cities from those 13 pilot areas as case studies, this study measured and compared the low-carbon development levels of those 10 cities before and after being pilot areas. The research findings showed that though the low-carbon development levels changed greatly, only five pilot cities’ growth rate is positive. The reasons for changes in the low-carbon development levels were analyzed. The urbanization level and energy consumption elasticity coefficient were the main factors affecting the low-carbon development levels. Additionally, the study traced the effective policies hidden behind the indicators, which provided policy insights to help decision makers prepare their low-carbon development strategies, including legislation efforts, economic instrument, renewable energy and energy-saving technology improvement and low-carbon transportation.     

大气环境腐蚀性因素的相关性

通过相关性数据处理和模糊聚类分析,发现影响大气环境腐蚀性的21种环境因素在相关系数大于0.54的情况下,可明显地聚为5类在此基础上,进一步通过对逐个因素的分类能力的特征评价,选取大气环境腐蚀性的主要因素（RH＞80％时数,SO₂沉积速度,水溶性尘降,Cl^－沉积速度,NO₂浓度）,进而在特征空间中进行镀锌层样本的大气环境腐蚀性预测和考评,为今后实现我国大气环境腐蚀性等级评判提供依据．     

载铜活性炭-微波降解焦化废水COD的研究

针对焦化生化外排废水COD不达标问题,研究采用微波-载铜活性炭联用的废水处理工艺,对焦化生化外排水COD降解效果进行了研究。研究结果表明,该联用技术对COD降解具有较高的效果,采用联用工艺对COD的去除率比单纯使用载铜活性炭吸附时对COD的去除率高约40%。     

四溴双酚-A和五溴酚对红鲫甲状腺组织结构的影响

将红鲫(Carassius auratus)分别暴露于0.25 mg·l-1四溴双酚A(TBBPA)和0.05 mg·l-1五溴酚(PBP)中6周,采用组织切片的方法,观测红鲫甲状腺滤泡形态结构的变化,并以100 mg·l-1高氯酸钠(NaClO4)和0.25 mg·l-1氯化镉(CdCl2)作为参照,探讨TBBPA和PBP在体时(in vivo)对鱼类甲状腺可能的致毒机理.结果显示,经TBBPA和PBP暴露后,红鲫甲状腺发生了滤泡上皮增厚、细胞肥大和增生等现象,表明这两种溴化阻燃剂均能造成甲状腺结构的损伤.这与NaClO4所引起的甲状腺滤泡的变化非常相似,而与CdCl2所引起的滤泡上皮变薄刚好相反.由此推测,TBBPA和PBP在鱼体内可能引起甲状腺素水平的降低,进而导致甲状腺滤泡细胞的代偿性增生和肥大.     

脱氮活性污泥总DNA提取研究

文章就提取SBR脱氮反应器中活性污泥总DNA的预处理、细胞破壁、去除蛋白质等方法进行了比较研究。将不同方法提取得到的DNA样品进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳、紫外吸光度和ERIC-PCR检测。结果表明,采取TENP、PBS溶液和玻璃珠震荡对活性污泥进行预处理,SDS和物理冻融结合破碎细胞,一次酚/氯仿和饱和NaCl溶液离心去除蛋白质的DNA提取操作,可以得到腐殖酸、蛋白质含量较少的活性污泥DNA样品。研究发现:从活性污泥提取的DNA样品中含有对PCR反应体系有明显抑制作用的杂质。通过稀释,控制DNA浓度40～13ng/μL,可以减小杂质的影响,实现将活性污泥DNA样品直接用于PCR扩增。ERIC-PCR得到的DNA产物凝胶电泳结果:条带清晰稳定有特异性,为进一步应用分子生态学方法研究活性污泥的性质奠定了基础。     

庙平9井大位移水平井钻井技术

庙平9井位于松辽盆地南部新庙油田庙22区块,区内大部分区域处于松花江内或江湾,由于环境因素的影响,直井无法实施,本区采用水平井整体开发。庙平9井水平井在钻井技术和安全管理方面精心组织,克服了水平井段（大斜度井段）长,井眼轨迹控制困难、井壁易垮塌、携砂困难、起下钻摩阻大、下油层套管困难、固井水泥环质量控制难、钻具事故几率大等困难,不仅避免和降低了井下事故的发生,且施工井满足开发要求,同时进行简化钻具结构和安全管理技术措施等方面取得了显著效果,为该区块水平井安全钻井工艺技术总结出几点结论及认识。     

钢筋混凝土构件的最小隔火厚度

为了正确评估钢筋混凝土构件在实际火灾中的隔火作用,以一般室内火灾轰燃后的房间平均温度-时间曲线为升温曲线,以热传导理论为基础,以钢筋混凝土隔火构件的背火面的最高温度恰好达到220℃为判定准则,用数值计算方法给出钢筋混凝土隔火构件的最小厚度,并用最小二乘法导出其计算公式.火灾房间火灾荷载越大,开口因子越小,最小隔火厚度越大;反之越小.该文所给最小厚度可用于钢筋混凝土分隔构件的性能化耐火设计与评估:当火灾荷载密度较大,开口因子较小时加大构件的厚度以获得安全性,反之,减小厚度以获得经济性.