稠油热采注汽锅炉节能减排措施实践

提高注汽锅炉系统热率是节能降耗、降本增效的主要挖潜方向。为此开展了一系列节能技术的研究,先后开展了热管空气换热器、高温辐射涂料的节能、硬度在线检测、对流段翅片管硬垢清洗技术的推广应用,通过这些技术的实施应用,取得一定的社会效益和经济效益。     

釜溪河自贡城区段季节性低氧成因研究

釜溪河为沱江一级支流,在自贡城区段设有国考碳研所断面。收集碳研所断面近10年来水质自动站数据,分析溶解氧(DO)变化特征,采样调查釜溪河自贡城区段水质及河道底泥污染状况,采用相关性分析、数值模拟等,研究分析釜溪河自贡城区段溶解氧分布特征及碳研所断面季节性低氧成因。研究结果表明,碳研所断面的溶解氧质量浓度变化特征呈现春末夏初最低,白天高晚上低的特征。釜溪河碳研所断面河水耗氧类污染物质量浓度较沱江流域内其他断面高,耗氧强度较大,溶解氧质量浓度较沱江流域其他断面偏低;其次,研究河段中釜溪河污水厂以下河段受污水厂低氧水排入和金子凼堰底层低氧水下泄影响,其溶解氧水平整体较污水厂以上河段低;最后,河段底泥有机质含量较高,春夏季气温升高将导致微生物分解活性增强大量消耗溶解氧,同时,闸坝和外来水体排入的水文扰动造成污水厂以下河段水温梯度弱,表层溶解氧易受底层低氧水影响,促使断面形成季节性低氧现象。溶解氧预测模型结果也进一步证实了温度变化和垂向温度梯度弱是碳研所断面溶解氧质量浓度季节性偏低的主要因素。     

气泡雾化细水雾灭火有效性实验研究

气泡雾化技术是一种双流体的细水雾发生方法。作者根据气泡雾化的雾化机理自行设计了一种气泡雾化喷嘴，并通过先进的实验诊断手段和模拟实验，对该喷嘴产生的细水雾的雾场特性进行了测量，研究了其熄灭煤油火和酒精火的有效性，为发展新型的细水雾发生方法积累了必要的实验数据。     

好氧颗粒污泥技术处理味精废水

采用好氧颗粒污泥技术处理味精废水.实验结果表明:前置缺氧段对反应器脱氮效果影响较小,脱氮过程主要是在好氧段实现;曝气段的最佳工艺条件为曝气量0.38 m3/h,曝气时间5.5 h;在进水COD、p(NH3-N)和TN分别为l000.00～1300.00,70.00～130.00,100.00～200.00 mg/L的条件下,COD、NH3-N和TN的去除率可分别维持在90％、99％和85％以上,实现了味精废水的高效脱氮处理.有机物主要在曝气初期的1.5 h内被去除,其在微生物体内以聚β-羟基丁酸形式储存,以提供反硝化过程中所需要的碳源.与普通SBR相比,接种好氧颗粒污泥后的反应器对味精废水具有更好的处理效果.     

Zinc recovery from hazardous construction wastes via an integrated process of the air classification,alkaline leaching,and water washing

Zinc- and lead-containing wastes are often mixed with construction and demolition wastes in many factories, generating abundant of heavy metal-enriched hazardous waste. In the present study, a novel integrated process of air classification, alkaline leaching, and water washing dechlorination was proposed for the efficient recycling of Zinc (Zn) resources. The first air classification process was realized via venturi tube, wherein the content of Zn could increase by 20 wt.%. After that, the product underwent an alkaline leaching process. Results showed that Zn recovery rate increased with fine particle sizes, and a 65% recovery rate was obtained under the following conditions of 5 mol/L NaOH, liquid/solid 10:1, and leaching time 1 h. Finally, water washing associated with microwave and ultrasonic treatments could remove over 85% of Cl and other water-soluble salts. All the results indicated that the integrated method had an excellent recovery rate for Zn resources from construction and demolition wastes.     

典型四环素类抗生素的预测无效应浓度和风险评估

四环素类抗生素是一类广谱抗生素,对生态环境存在潜在风险.本研究以四环素和土霉素为研究对象,根据欧盟现有化学物质风险评价技术指导文件(TGD),推导不同环境介质中四环素和土霉素的预测无效应浓度(PNEC),并采用风险商值(RQ)法对我国部分地区水质、淡水沉积物和土壤的暴露风险进行评估.结果 表明,我国水质、淡水沉积物及土壤中四环素的PNEC值分别为0.115 μg·L-1、423 μg·kg-1(湿质量)和57 μg· kg-1(湿质量);土霉素的PNEC值分别为4.93μg·L-1、1.78x104 μg·kg1(湿质量)和3.16×103μg·kg-1(湿质量).淡水沉积物风险区域主要集中在海河,土壤风险区域主要集中在山东省、四川省彭州市、辽宁省沈阳市等,部分区域点位存在潜在的生态风险.研究结论可为四环素类抗生素的生态环境风险评价提供科学依据.     

Catalytic fast pyrolysis of walnut shell for alkylphenols production with nitrogen-doped activated carbon catalyst

• N-doped activated carbon was prepared for catalytic pyrolysis of walnut shell. • Alkylphenols were selectively produced from catalytic pyrolysis process. • The alkylphenols yield increased by 8.5 times under the optimal conditions. • Formation mechanism of alkylphenols was proposed. Alkylphenols are a group of valuable phenolic compounds that can be derived from lignocellulosic biomass. In this study, three activated carbons (ACs) were prepared for catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) of walnut shell to produce alkylphenols, including nitrogen-doped walnut shell-derived activated carbon (N/WSAC), nitrogen-doped rice husk-derived activated carbon (N/RHAC) and walnut shell-derived activated carbon (WSAC). Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) experiments were carried out to reveal the influences of AC type, pyrolytic temperature, and AC-to-walnut shell (AC-to-WS) ratio on the product distributions. Results showed that with nitrogen doping, the N/WSAC possessed stronger capability than WSAC toward the alkylphenols production, and moreover, the N/WSAC also exhibited better effects than N/RHAC to prepare alkylphenols. Under the catalysis of N/WSAC, yields of alkylphenols were significantly increased, especially phenol, cresol and 4-ethylphenol. As the increase of pyrolytic temperature, the alkylphenols yield first increased and then decreased, while high selectivity could be obtained at low pyrolytic temperatures. Such a trend was also observed as the AC-to-WS ratio continuously increased. The alkylphenols production achieved a maximal yield of 44.19 mg/g with the corresponding selectivity of 34.7% at the pyrolytic temperature of 400°C and AC-to-WS ratio of 3, compared with those of only 4.67 mg/g and 6.1% without catalyst. In addition, the possible formation mechanism of alkylphenols was also proposed with the catalysis of N/WSAC.     

通过式固相萃取/超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定蔬菜中18种农药残留

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS;MS)快速测定蔬菜中18种农药残留的方法.样品经乙腈提取后,经Oasis PRiME HLB固相萃取柱净化,采用ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18(50 mm×2.1 mm,1.8μm)色谱柱进行分离,以0.1%甲酸水溶液和乙腈作为流动相进行梯度洗脱.采用电喷雾电离源、正离子模式下以多反应监测(MRM)进行定性和定量分析.结果表明,18种农药在0.5—50μg·L^-1范围内线性关系良好(r2>0.995),方法最低检出限为0.4—1.5μg·kg^-1,最低定量限为1.4—5.0μg·kg^-1.在韭菜、芹菜、番茄、白菜基质中,5、10、50μg·kg^-1添加水平下的加标回收率为60.2%—126.9%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.4%—21.6%(n=3).     

京津冀及周边地区秋冬季大气污染物排放变化因素解析

基于大气污染源排放清单技术方法,定量分析2016~2017年秋冬季"跨年霾"至2019~2020年秋冬季"疫情霾"期间京津冀及周边地区主要大气污染物排放量变化,解析大气污染防治政策实施带来的减排和疫情造成的活动水平下降对主要污染物排放的贡献,并利用空气质量模型模拟分析不利气象条件下措施减排和疫情影响对空气质量改善的贡献.结果表明,从"跨年霾"（2016-12-16~2017-01-14）至"疫情霾"（2020-01-22~2020-02-14）该区域主要大气污染物排放量大幅下降50%左右,不利气象条件下,区域PM_2.5平均浓度可削减40%以上.措施减排主要来自火电、钢铁等重点工业行业提标改造和工业锅炉、民用燃煤等燃煤源治理,对SO₂和PM_2.5排放量的削减贡献较大,贡献率分别为67.1%和53.4%;疫情主要影响移动源和轻工业活动水平,对NO_x和VOCs排放量的削减贡献较大,贡献率分别为71.9%和68.2%.措施减排对区域空气质量改善贡献突出,有效抑制了重污染过程的强度和范围.在"跨年霾"的不利气象条件下,措施减排使区域PM_2.5平均浓度下降26%,重度及以上污染天数减少44%.受疫情影响,区域PM_2.5平均浓度继续下降24%,重污染持续时间和范围进一步缩减.     

煤矸石在新型动态循环淋溶装置中的淋溶特性

采用新型循环淋溶装置对煤矸石进行连续240h的淋溶实验,研究了煤矸石中重金属在淋溶过程中的溶出规律,通过向淋溶液中添加聚丙烯酰胺（CPAM）考察了固体颗粒物的沉降特性.结果表明： 随着淋溶反应时间延长,煤矸石中碱金属Na元素溶于水,形成碱性溶液,这两种因素导致淋溶反应初期淋溶液pH值升高.As、Zn离子浓度在淋溶时间为1~24h时呈上升趋势,而在24~72h,离子浓度呈下降趋势.淋溶液中Cr、Pb、Ba离子浓度在120h内均呈现上升趋势,而在120~240h,对于Cr离子来说,淋溶液的碱性环境促使Cr离子溶出率增大,但取样次数的增多也对Cr离子的浓度降低起到促进作用;淋溶液稀释和Ba离子的沉淀化合物形成,导致淋溶液中Ba离子浓度降低.120~240h,淋溶液中有机物被微生物的生化作用分解以及取样后外加塌陷区水体对淋溶液中COD和BOD起到稀释作用,使COD和BOD降低.在淋溶反应24h内,淋溶液中TON和NH₃-N出现波浪式变化,淋溶时间大于24h时,TON和NH₃-N总体呈升高趋势.随着淋溶时间延长,淋溶液中的固体颗粒物沉降速度逐渐变慢,延长了沉降时间.煤矸石中一些含氮化合物溶解于水中,使淋溶液中电离出 NH₄⁺离子,形成碱性环境.