Removal of nitrogen from wastewaters by anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) using granules in upflow reactors

Nitrogen pollution of waters has sometimes caused severe eutrophication, leading to the death of fishes and most aquatic life. There is therefore a need for efficient and cost-effective methods to remove nitrogen from ammonium-rich wastewaters. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) is a promising process to remove nitrogen because this process directly oxidizes ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) to dinitrogen gas (N₂) under anoxic condition. Nonetheless, a challenge of this process is that chemolithoautotrophic Anammox bacteria grow slowly at the beginning, thus resulting in low Anammox biomass and instability of reactors. Such issues can be overcome by granulation of the Anammox sludge. Here, we review the characteristics of the Anammox bacteria, and the formation, structure and flotation of Anammox granules under high hydraulic loadings. We also evaluate the performances of full-scale granular Anammox processes. The major points are: 1) Anammox bacteria secrete a large amount of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), up to 415 mg g^?1 of volatile suspended solids (VSS), containing many hydrophobic functional groups that facilitate biomass granulation. 2) Granulation enhances the sludge settling property and retention time, which contributes to the extremely high nitrogen removal rate of 77 kg m^?3 d^?1 of Anammox upflow reactors. 3) Flotation of Anammox granules frequently occurs under nitrogen removal rate higher than 10 kg m^?3 d^?1, which is mainly due to the overproduction of EPS under high hydraulic conditions.     

采油污水深度处理和回收再利用

辽河油田欢喜岭采油厂是通过蒸汽吞吐减轻原油粘度进行开采的稠油油田,每日需要使用大量的水资源。针对其特点,建成投产了欢喜岭采油厂欢四联污水深度处理站。文章介绍了欢四联污水深度处理的流程、回注流程,进行了试验结果分析以及效益评价;并通过深度处理污水回注的成功降低了生产成本,产生了良好的经济效益并大幅度减少了对环境的污染。     

二元有机酸的络合萃取研究

研究了磷酸三丁酯（ＴＢＰ）和甲基异丁基酮（ＭＩＢＫ）对乙二酸,丙二酸,丁二酸和己二酸等二元有机酸的萃取及其影响因素。结果表明,萃取反应为中性络合萃取机理,有机相中生成１：２的萃合物;空腔效应,偶极作用和氢键等是影响萃取性能的主要因素;稀释剂,无机盐,温度及二元有机酸结构等对萃取性能都有重要影响。     

Crystalline phase evolution behavior and physicochemical properties of glass–ceramics from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Appropriate management and treatment of fly ash from municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration plant have become an urgent environmental protection...     

Influence of aeration modes on leachate characteristic of landfills that adopt the aerobic–anaerobic landfill method

As far as the optimal design, operation, and field application of the Aerobic–Anaerobic Landfill Method (AALM) are concerned, it is very important to understand how aeration modes (different combinations of aeration depth and air injection rate) affect the biodegradation of organic carbon and the transformation of nitrogen in landfill solid waste. Pilot-scale lysimeter experiments were carried out under different aeration modes to obtain detailed information regarding the influence of aeration modes on leachate characteristics. Results from these lysimeter experiments revealed that aeration at the bottom layer was the most effective for decomposition of organic carbon when compared with aeration at the surface or middle layers. Moreover, the air injection rate led to different nitrogen transformation patterns, unlike the lesser influence it has on organic carbon decomposition. Effective simultaneous nitrification and denitrification were observed for the aeration mode with a higher air injection rate (=1.0 L/min). On the other hand, the phenomenon of sequenced nitrification and denitrification could be observed when a low air injection rate (=0.5 L/min.) was employed. Finally, it is concluded that, for AALM, air injection with a higher air injection rate at the deepest layer near the leachate collection pipe tends to accelerate the stabilization of landfill waste as defined in terms of the enhancement of denitrification as well as organic carbon decomposition.     

SH抑尘剂固化建设场地类型土的抗雨蚀性能

经抑尘剂固化后的抗雨蚀性能是影响抑尘剂使用时效性的关键因素之一。以高分子材料——SH抑尘剂为研究对象,考虑建设场地扬尘来源(即建设场地类型土)、喷洒量、坡度、坡面形态及固化时间等因素,借助冲刷量、冲刷面破坏形态及冲刷颗粒物分布状态评价SH抑尘剂在仅固化建设场地类型土表层条件下的抗雨蚀效果。实验结果表明,SH抑尘剂可与表层土颗粒形成具有抗雨蚀能力的保护层。粉土、黏土、粉煤灰及碎石土经SH抑尘剂固化后,在暴雨强度下冲刷颗粒物少且呈散粒状,土样表面的整体完整性保持良好,无明显冲刷痕迹;SH抑尘剂对各种坡面形态及坡度均具有较好适应性,SH抑尘剂适用于场地土及裸露地表的固化;随SH抑尘剂喷量及固化时间的增加,固化土的抗雨蚀能力先增大后趋于平缓,从施工和经济角度,建议选取的SH抑尘剂喷量为1.2 kg/m2,固化时间为3 d。     

Dynamic simulation of urban water metabolism under water environmental carrying capacity restrictions

A revised concept for urban water metabolism (UWM) is presented in this study to address the inadequacies in current research on UWM and the problems associated with the traditional urban water metabolic process. Feedback loops can be analyzed to increase the water environmental carrying capacity (WECC) of the new urban water metabolism system (UWMS) over that of a traditional UWMS. An analysis of the feedback loops of an UWMS was used to construct a system dynamics (SD) model for the system under a WECC restriction. Water metabolic processes were simulated for different scenarios using the Tongzhou District in Beijing as an example. The results for the newly developed UWM case showed that a water environment of Tongzhou District could support a population of 1.1926 × 10⁶, an irrigation area of 375.521 km², a livestock of 0.7732 × 10⁶, and an industrial value added of ¥193.14 × 10⁹ (i.e. about US$28.285× 10⁹) in 2020. A sensitivity analysis showed that the WECC could be improved to some extent by constructing new sewage treatment facilities or by expanding the current sewage treatment facilities, using reclaimed water and improving the water circulation system.     

Leaching of elements from flue dust produced in copper scrap smelting process

To understand the features and leaching characteristics of copper (Cu) scrap smelting dust and its potential risk to environment and humans, three types of smelting dust were sampled and investigated. The dust samples were collected from the dust captured by cyclone collector, panel cooler, and bag house in a typical Cu scrap smelting process of a factory in Guangxi of China. Zinc (Zn), Cu and lead (Pb) were the main elements of the samples of cyclone collector dust (CCD), panel cooler dust (PCD), and bag house dust (BHD). There were less arsenic (As), Pb and Cu in CCD than PCD and BHD, and PCD contained more manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) than BHD. The particle shapes of BHD appeared more regular than CCD and PCD, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis illustrated the compositions of selected surface areas of three samples. The size of particles ranged from 0.011 to 33.11 μm in CCD, from less than 1 μm to several mm in PCD, and from 0.832 to 363.078 μm in BHD. The main elements in leachate were Zn and Mn from CCD, Zn, cadmium (Cd) and Pb from PCD, Zn, Mn and Cd from BHD. The leaching toxicity risk of Cd, Mn, and Zn of PCD and BHD was higher than CCD.     

Chronic exposure effects of copper on growth,metamorphosis and thyroid gland,liver health in Chinese toad,Bufo gargarizans tadpoles

The impact of copper exposure on Chinese toad (Bufo gargarizans) tadpoles was investigated in this study. First, the 96h LC50 value of copper was 8.697 μM, by means of a 4 d acute toxicity test. Second, we studied the chronic effects of copper on B. gargarizans tadpoles at control, 0.025, 0.1 and 1.0 μM concentration. Survival, body length, body weight, developmental stage, incidence of metamorphic climax, and size at metamorphic climax were determined. In tadpoles developed to metamorphic climax (stage G42), liver and thyroid gland were assessed histologically. Copper at 0.1 and 1.0 μM could inhibit tadpole growth and prolong tadpole metamorphic progress relative to controls. Tadpole size (total length and weight) at stage G42 is also affected in the 0.1 and 1.0 μM treatments. In addition, histological examinations have revealed that 1.0 μM copper could cause significant pathological changes and hepatocytes degeneration in liver. Furthermore, histomorphological measurements indicated that copper at 0.1 and 1.0 μM reduced thyroid gland size, diameter and number of follicle. In conclusion, our study suggests that Cu could damage the liver and thyroid gland, so growth and metamorphosis of B. gargarizans tadpoles were inhibited resulted of disrupting liver metabolism and THs homeostasis.